;);)!>ili:;«!iiHinK;ni! 






'' '»! PI I 1 }"' 1 ! 





'Jass^AJH 






COPlUKlHT DEPOSIT. 



NEW JERSEY 



•V><^o 



TARR AND McMURRY GEOGRAPHIES 



SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME 



NEW JERSEY 



BY 



R. H. WHITBECK, A.B. 

SUPERVISOR IN THE NEW JERSEY STATE MODEL SCHOOL, TRENTON 



Nfb3 gork 
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., Ltd. 

1906 

All rights reserved 



ri'2>i 





LIBRARY of congress- 




Two CoDies Received 




JAN 24 1906 





CODV right Entry 

«LASS ex. XXc. No. 

/ S 4. g' ^ 6~ 
COPY B. 



COPYBIGHT, 1906, 

By the MACMILLAN COMPANY. 



Set up and electrotyped. Published January, 1906. 



PREFACE 

In the following pages the larger facts of the geography of 
New Jersey are discussed in the light of the causes which have 
produced them. 

When the geography of any state is studied with care, it usually 
becomes evident that the state's development has been directed by 
some two or three predominant geographical influences. Some- 
times the controlling influence arises from climate and physiog- 
raphy ; sometimes from the state's geographical position ; sometimes 
from other factors. The trend of New Jersey's growth has been 
most largely influenced by the state's position between the two 
great cities of New York and Philadelphia, and this fact is fre- 
quently brought out in the text. 

Modern ideals of geography teaching require more than simply 
stating, for example, that Paterson is on the Passaic River and 
manufactures silk. Paterson is at a particular place on the Passaic 
River for a very definite reason ; namely, that here is a waterfall 
furnishing power to run machinery. Moreover, the fall is at a 
particular place in the river /or a definite reason; namely, that the 
river, flowing for the most of its course over the softer rocks of 
the Piedmont Plain, here encounters a ridge of hard trap rock, and 
a waterfall results. Geographical causes are not always so definite 
as the ones mentioned above. Where the causes are definite and 
reasonably simple^ and especially where they are typical^ they are 
discussed. General principles of geography and the "t3^pe idea" 
are emphasized. The treatment of cities receives a relatively large 
amount of attention, for New Jersey is an urban state and is 
becoming more and more so. 

V 



vi PREFACE 

Cordial acknowledgment is due to State Geologist Henry B. 
Kiimmel and to Secretary Franklin Dye of the State Board of 
Agriculture for frequent courtesies. The excellent reports and 
maps prepared by the State Geological Survey have been my most 
valuable source of material. Francis B. Lee's " New Jersey as 
Colony and State" has been frequently consulted. Figures 2, 3, 9, 
10, 11, 12, 13, 18, are after maps or models prepared by the State 
Geological Survey, and Figs. 4, 5, 8, and 16 are made from nega- 
tives belonging to the office of the Survey. Figure 31 was pre- 
sented by Rutgers College ; Fig. 30, by the Singer Company, 
Elizabethport ; Fig. 29, by the Botany Mills, Passaic ; Fig. 17, by 
Mr. Warren Atkinson, Mullica Hill; Fig. 32, by the New York 
Ship Building Company, Camden ; and Fig. 35, by the Whitall 
Tatum Company, Millville. 



CONTENTS 

PAGB 

Preface v-vi 

Pkeliminary Questions ........••• 1 

Introduction ..,....•••••• 3 

Physiography .......•.•-•• 3-15 

Appalachian Belt .........••• 4-5 

The Highlands 5-8 

The Piedmont Plain ^ „ . 

Glacial Work i 

The Coastal Plain 10-12 

Drainage ............. 15 

Summary, Questions 12-15 

Mineral Industries ............ 16-19 

Agriculture ............. 19-23 

Climate . . . . . 23-25 

Fishing 25 

History 26-20 

Cities 29-51 

The Metropolitan District 29-41 

The Delaware Piver Towns 41-46 

The Glass-making District 46-47 

The Coast Cities and Resorts 47-49 

Review Questions ............ 49-51 

Government 51-52 

Education 53 

Conclusion .............. 53-55 

Publications of State Departments ........ 56 

Statistical Tables ............ 57-61 

Index 63-65 

vii 



Lon-'itTidi' West 74 from Greenwich 




NEW JERSEY. 



Scale of Miles. 

6 10 16 20 



Atlantic 
City < 

Ocean Citj 

Capitals : © Count; Seats : ® Other pla< 
Kailroads : Canals r ^^— Electric Roads ; . - 

Cities with over 100,(XIO: ^ GWarlv 

Cities with 26,1100 to 100.000: Cailldeil 

Cities aud towns with 10,0011 to 26,000^ Orange 

s and boroughs with 6,000 to 10,000; Klirlington 

County Seats with less than 5,00i): NewtOn 
!%olly Beach Cities, towns, villages, boroughs and 

^ other places with less than 6,000: Cape May 



75' Cape May Longitude 74°30 We; 



Greenwich 



NEW JERSEY SUPPLEMENT 



Prelimixary Questions. -^ tVhat are the natural boundaries of New Jersey? 
The state's entire boundary line is aboUt 480 miles in length. With the exception 
of 48 miles, this boundary is water. AVhat fraction is land boundary? What 
l^arallel of latitude practically divides the state into halves? Trace this parallel 
westward on a map of the United States, and name some of the states which have 
about the same latitude as Xew Jersey. Trace the same parallel eastward across 
a map of Europe and Asia. W^hat are some of the important countries through 
which it passes? What meridians of longitude shown on the map (Fig. 1) pass 
through New Jersey ? What parts of the world lie directly south ? north ? Point 
toward New York State ; Pennsylvania ; New York City ; Philadelphia; the Atlan- 
tic Ocean ; the British Isles ; the Philippine Islands. Is New Jersey nearer the 
north pole or the equator ? How do you decide ? How many states as large as 
New Jersey could be made from Texas? from Pennsylvania? One of the other 
states has nearly the same area as New Jersey; what one is it? What states are 
smaller than New Jersey? Using the scale of miles shown on the map (Fig. 1) 
find the extreme length of New Jersey. Find the distance across the widest part ; 
the narrowest part ; distance in a straight line from your home to New York City ; 
to Philadelphia; from New York to Philadelphia. Locate (Figs. 1 and 22) New 
York Bay, Newark Bay, Sandy Hook, Staten Island, Barnegat Bay, Little Egg 
Harbor, Cape ]\Iay, Passaic River, Raritan River, MuUica River, Maurice River, 
Musconetcong River, Newark, Jersey City, Paterson, Camden, Trenton. Elizabeth, 
Atlantic City, Passaic, New Brunswick, Perth Amboy, Kittatinny JNIoun tains, Dela- 
ware Water Gap. Name the counties bordering on the Delaware River ; on the 
Atlantic Ocean; on Delaware Bay; on the Hudson River; on New York State. 
What counties do not form any part of the state's boundary? How many counties 
has New Jersey? (p. .57.) In what county is each of the cities mentioned above? 
In what part of the state are the smallest counties found? the largest? Name tlie 
three counties most thickly populated (p. o7) ; the three most thinly populated. 
What part of the state is mountainous? What part is quite level? What cities of 
New Jersey have you visited? What railroads of New Jersey have you travelled 
on? W^hat rivei-s have you seen? AVhat interesting natural features have you 
seen ? (For example, the Palisades or Water Gap.) Could you describe them 
to the class? 

B 1 



Fig. 2. — Relief Map 
OF New Jersey. 

(From model in the 
State Museum.) 




» 4 4/' '"- 



J 




PUYSIOGRAPHY 



Intkoduction 



New Jersey is one of the small states. Only Rhode Island, 
Delaware, and Connecticut are smaller. Much of its northern 
half is mountainous, and much of its southern half, forest-covered ; 
yet, as a whole. New Jersey is more densely populated than the most 
fertile of the prairie states or the great manufacturing states of New 
York and Pennsylvania. It has more miles of railway in propor- 
tion to area than any other state. The majority of the eastern trunk 
line railways cross New Jersey. Its farms yield a larger income in 
proportion to the area cultivated than the richest states of the Mis- 
sissippi Valley. Small as New Jersey is, it leads thirty-nine out of 
the forty-five states in value of manufactured goods. Only five states 
surpass it in this particular. 

These remarkable facts are not due to chaiice. We do not live 
in a world of chance. For every effect there is a cause, even in Gieog- 
raphy. If New Jersey takes a larger part in the country's activities 
than its size might lead us to expect, there is a cause for it. Men 
carry on industries for profit. Farms or factories must be advan- 
tageously located if they yield adequate profit. Two of the greatest 
advantages of location are (1) nearness to great markets where prod- 
ucts may be sold, (2 ) good transportation facilities, such as roads, 
railways, and navigable waters. How fully New Jersey possesses 
these advantages, we shall see. How largely they have contributed 
to her prosperity we shall also see. 

Physiography 

For every hill that rises above the surrounding country, for 
every valley between the hills, for every lake and waterfall, for 
every one of the features of the landscape, there is a cause. They 
have not always been as they are now. They will not remain as 
they are. Somewliat like living things they are constantly changing 
— very, very slowly changing. New Jersey's hills and mountains are 
what they are and. where they are because of the geological history 
through which they have passed. 



NE]V JERSEY 



The state naturally divides into four parts (Fig. 3) : — 

1. The Appalachian belt (Kittatinny Valley and JNIountains). 

2. The Highlands (very ancient, worn-down mountains). 

3. The Piedmont Plain (hilly ; red sandstone and shales). 

4. The Coastal Plain (sandy ; quite level ; youngest part of the 
state). 

The Appalachian Belt. — Across the northwestern part of the 

state extend the Kittatinny Moun- 
tains and Valley. This belt is 
New Jersey's part of the Appa- 
lachian Mountains and Valley, 
which extend across Pennsylvania 
and on to Alabama. The Kitta- 
tinny Mountains reach an elevation 
of 1800 feet at High Point, near 
the New York boundary. They 
stand up as a rather even-crested 
ridge because they are formed of 
hard layers of rock that have 
resisted the agents of waste. The 
softer rocks at the southeast have 
not been able to resist and have 
been slowly eroded into a broad de- 
pression, the beautiful Kittatinny 
Valley (Fig. 4). In New Jersey 
this part of the great Appalachian 
Valley is from ten to thirteen 
miles wide. The mountains are 
steep and wooded and wild, but 
the limestone and shale of the 
valley decay into rich soil, and 

here are some of New Jersey's best farms, — the grain lands of 

Warren and the dairy farms of Sussex. 

At many places in the Appalachian Mountains, rivers cut across 

the ranges, forming great notches in them. The most noted of these 

water gaps has been cut by the Delaware River where it breaks 




Fig. 3. 



PHYSIOGRAPHY 5 

through the Kittatlnny Mountain Ridge (called the Blue Mountain 
in Pennsylvania). This is the famous Delaware Water Gap. On 
either side of the river the rocks rise steeply 1200 feet above the 
water (Fig. 5). So wild and beautiful is the scenery about the 
Water Gap, that it has become a favorite summer resort. 

If we followed this even-crested range from the New York bound- 
arj' southwestward for sixty miles, we should find railways cross- 
ing it at only two places, — through the Delaware Water Gap and 




Fig. 4. 
Scene in the Kittatinny Valley, one of New Jersey's best farming sections. 



the Lehigh Water Gap. So important are water gaps that with- 
out them railroads could be built across the Appalachian Mountains 
only with very great difficulty and at enormous cost. 

The Highlands. — Bounding the Kittatinny Valley on the south- 
east rise the Highlands, the oldest land in New Jersey. They form 
a belt about fifteen mites in width. Their ancient crystalline rocks 
were a part of the first land that rose above the ocean to form the 
beginning of the North American continent. Farther south they 
are called the Blue Ridge Mountains. These mountains, now worn 
down to their roots, were once a lofty range that formed the ancient 



6 



NKW ,ll<:i!SKY 



l)ii<-l<l)()ii(! of (iiiMl.(!ni North Aiii(!ri(;ii,, und (!xt(UHl(Ml ;i lliousaiid miles 
from ii()ftli(!ii!st to ,s()uUiw(!sl-. 

Long ages before our contiiiciil, li;ul grown to l)e as it is now, these 
anc,i(Mit rocks were uplirttul into a great monntain fold that outlined the 
sha[)C of North America's eastcM'u coast. Slowly, through long iig(;s, the 




J'Ki 



JH'liuvjiro Wilier (iap, wlicrc llic Deliiware River jj;et,H tlinuigli \\w Kittiitiiiny Ridge. 



untiring agents of waste wore down these once lofty mountains, and 
llie streams (tarried tlie sedinu'nts to the sea and si)reaxl them out over 
the ocean bottom, just as streains are doing now. Otlier })eriods of nplift 
(•ame, — for the earth's crust is always rising in some places and sinking 
in others, — and the weathering agents worked on, and streams cut valleys, 
and carried their loads of waste out to tlie sea. Some of these sediments, 
forming layer upon layer, were e-ompressed into the rocks which, having 
been uplifted since, I'orm the Newer Appahu'liian Mountains and the red 



Vliysi<)(;i;Ai'iiY 



sandstones of the Piedmont belt of New Jersey. Similar sediments, uj)- 
lifted but a little, form the sandy plain of South -Jersey. Thus does it 
appear that the Highlands are, as it were, the parent of tlie rest of New 
Jersey, having furnished mueh of the rock waste of which other parts of 
the state are made up. 

The Highlands extend across southeastern New York int(j New 
England and Canada. In these crystalline rocks are found beds of 
iron ore that have been worked for a hundred and fifty years. 
At Franklin Furnace and Ogdensburg are some of the richest zinc 
mines in the United States (see p. 10). 




I'h., I., 

Lake Hopatcoiif^, oik; of the most Ijciuitil'iil of tlic ;;laci;tl lakes. 

The Highlands form a region of beautiful scenery. Many of 
their slopes are too steep and rugged to be cultivated, and in some 
parts more than half of the country is covered with forests (Fig. 18). 
The farm lands lie in the valleys. In these highland valleys are 
many beautiful lakes, attracting thousands of summer visitors. The 
most noted are Lake Hopatcong (Fig. 6) and Greenwood Lake 
(Fig. 7) ; the latter being partly in New York. There are nearly 
a hundred other smaller lakes, all north of the terminal moraine, for 
all were caused by the glacier (p. 9). 

The southwestern portion of the Highlands, with the adjacent 
country on either side, is especially adapted to grazing. The 



8 



NEW JERSEY 



farmers keep herds of cows, whose milk is sent to New York City 
by daily milk trains. These sheltered valleys afford a climate in 




Fig. 7. 
Greenwood Lake. 



which fruit trees, particularly the peach, thrive, and large quantities 
of peaches, pears, and apples are produced. Hunterdon County is 
famed for its peaches. 




Fig. 8. 

The Palisades, on the western bank of the Hudson. 

The Piedmont Plain (also called the Triassic Plain, and the Red 
Sandstone belt). — This belt of low hills and broad valleys is some 
thirty miles in width and forms about one-fifth of the state. The 



PHYSIOGBAPHY 9 

underlying rocks contain enough iron to give a deep red color to 
the soil which forms from their decay. 

In places hard trap rock, more resistant to weathering, stands 
up in long ridges from one to five hundred feet above the general 
level. The Palisades of the Hudson, the Watchung Mountains, 
Long Hill, the Cushetunk, Sourland, Rocky Hill, and other ranges 
are really the projecting edges of beds of lava which was long ago 
forced up in a melted state. When this cooled and hardened it 
formed into column-like masses which are seen in the Mountain 
Colonnades near Orange and in the Palisades along the Hudson 
(Fig. 8). Being poorly fitted for agriculture, these trap ridges 
have not been cleared of forests. Their natural beauty, thus pre- 
served, has attracted wealthy men who have built upon them costly 
homes, and have laid out beautiful grounds. Some of the finest 
country seats in America are found in northern New Jersey. 

Where the Passaic River crosses the trap ridges of First and 
Second Mountains, waterfalls occur, the larger of which determined 
the site of the city of Paterson. During the closing stage of the 
Glacial Period, a large lake, locked in by the Highlands on one side 
and the Watchung Mountains on the other, occupied the Passaic 
River basin. The Great Swamp is a remnant of the extinct Lake 
Passaic. Owing to the large proportion of fertile land, to the many 
railroads, and to the presence of large cities requiring farm produce, 
the Piedmont Plain is, as a whole, highly cultivated. It is the most 
densely populated part of the state, and in it are located most of the 
large cities and manufactories of New Jersey. 

Glacial Work. — The ice sheet of the Glacial Period overspread 
the northern part of the state. The front of the glacier advanced 
as far south as Perth Amboy, on the eastern side of New Jersey, and 
as far as Belvidere, on the western side. Trace on the map (Fig. 3) 
the terminal moraine from east to west across the state, and note 
what towns are near it. All of the land north of this moraine was 
covered with a slowly moving mass of ice and snow, hundreds — 
perhaps thousands — of feet deep. Across mountains and valleys 
the ice monster slowly ground and scoured its way, scraping up the 
loose soil, tearing off loosened blocks of rock and carrying them 



10 



NEW JERSEY 



Decberto' 
Branttivill 



ip 



- "r o„A- ".''"""'T" Orangeo ^"uji II 

^ ^ Wnslunston^. ^^ A'e>vark W7^,7LNew Ygrk 

-* ^ T >- Summit O'Jcrsi-v.OltT'-/? , 

; PhilUi.l.ur, / u, 1^ *|pN';^-'/Brookljn7 



along as it advanced, only to drop them later when it melted. Tlie 
gracefully rounded hills, which constitute the terminal moraine, are 
made of the soil, sand, clay, and boulders gathered ujd by the mov- 
ingf ice. Smaller moraines and scattered boulders are found all over 
northern New Jerse3^ Many changes were caused, especially in the 
drainage. There are nearly a hundred lakes and natural ponds 

and scores of beautiful 
waterfalls in this part of 
the state, resulting from 
the glacier's work. Beds 
of sand and clay were 
deposited. Many swamps 
were produced, and the 
course of nearly every 
stream was changed more 
or less. The Passaic 
River, for example, for- 
merly flowed directly to 
the sea by way of the gap 
in the Watchung Moun- 
tains at Short Hills. This 
gap is now nearly filled 
with glacial deposits, and 
the river has to flow many 
miles to the north and 
crosses the ridges by way 
of the gaps at Paterson and 
Little Falls, then flows 
south to reach the sea. 

The Coastal Plain. — 
This, the youngest and 
flattest part of New Jersey, 
forms more than one-half of the state. Only yesterday, as geolo- 
gists reckon time, this plain was below the surface of the ocean. 
The layers of sand, gravel, and clay, of which the Coastal Plain is 
built up, are mostly sediments washed down by streams from the 







^ .^^, ^^ 

. Gl^ucestetS THidVionfield* '^^, f* l°iv'« (=f 
I ■«, ,) VJVSn ^r7^;Shainoni;-' I f 'i 




CUMBERLAND < ^^llanl' 



- <- , .J. y^ MAP OF 

W/h-oecAr-^^EW JERSEY 

: M°;!!y f . / SHOWING 

^^5, J /approximately the area 

Cape May ^ / 

DELAWARE'^-i^-o > WHICH WOULD BE 

/,*' /SUBMERGED WERE THE LAND 
^^J TO S INK 100 F EET. 



BAT 

I Cape Maj Clli^ 



Fig. 9. 



PHYSIOGRAPHY 



11 



older land. These sediments are hundreds of feet deep, but have 
not been compacted into rock. By a rising of the land, a part of 
the continental shelf was lifted above the sea, making this lo^y, 
sandy plain. The streams wind sluggishly along in shallow, 
swampy courses. One-third of the area is less than fifty feet above 
the ocean level, and an eighth of it is tide marsh. The highest 
land is a range of hills extending from Navesink Highlands, on the 
northeast, to Blount Holly, on the southwest. The highest of these 
hills reach an elevation of scarcelv four hundred feet. 




Fio. 10. 
New Jersey in perspective. 

IMuch of the land is not fertile ; hundreds of square miles are 
uncultivated, and are covered with pine forests (Fig. 18). The 
region is often called " The Pines." The marl belt, however, reach- 
ing from Raritan Bay southwest to Delaware Bay, is fertile and 
includes some of the state's best farm lands (Fig. 3; p. 21). 

A coast without good harbors, rivers with swampy banks, and a 
large extent of unpr6ducti\'e land have tended to prevent the growth 
of population in the Coastal Plain. It contains relatively few cities. 
Raising fruit and vegetables is, in the marl belt and some other sec- 



12 NEW JERSEY 

tions, an extensive industry (p. 21). The deposits of glass-sand, and 
the abundance of wood for fuel, have led to glass -making on a large 
scale, particularly in Cumberland County (p. 18). The pleasant 
climate and sandy beaches have made the New Jersey coast a fringe 
of summer resorts. 

At many points in the Coastal Plain, notably at Camden and 
Atlantic City, deep wells have been bored to supply the population 
with pure artesian well water. 

Summary. — New Jersey divides naturally into four belts. Each 
of these differs from the others in age, in the nature of the under- 
lying rocks, and in topography. The Appalachian belt, made up 
of the Kittatinny Mountain ridge and Valley, forms the north- 



KITTATINNY 
MOUNTAINS 


KITTATINNY 
VALLEY 


THE HIGHLANDS 


THE PIEDMONT PLAIN 


PALISADES 


5^ ^^^ 


. ^ 






V 



Fig. 11. 
Cross sections of northern and of southern New Jersey. 

western part of the state. This mountain ridge is due to tilted-up 
layers of hard rock that have been able to resist the agents of waste, 
while the softer rocks were being slowly worn away to form the 
Kittatinny Valley. The Kittatinny ridge is the highest land in the 
state, and is forest covered. The valley is one of the most fertile 
parts of the state, and is devoted to general farming and grazing. 
There are no large cities, and but little manufacturing in this section. 
The Highland belt is the oldest part of the state, and is a portion 
of the very ancient mountain system of which the Blue Ridge Moun- 
tains are a worn-down remnant. The Highlands are low moun- 
tains, generally less than 1500 feet high. They are a region of 
lakes, forests, and picturesque valleys, but not a productive farming 



PHYSIOGRAPHY 13 

section. In these ancient crystalline rocks are valuable beds of iron 
ore and zinc ore. There are no large cities, and no extensive manu- 
facturing. 

The Piedmont belt is a rolling plain from which rise abrupt 
ridges of hard trap rock. The Palisades along the Hudson and the 
Orange, or Watchung, ^Mountains are the most prominent of these 
ridges. While the rocks of the Piedmont Plain are mostly sandstone 
and shale, the trap rocks are ancient lava sheets. This is the belt 
of dense population, man}' cities, great manufacturing activity, and 
generally productive soil. It is by far the most wealthy part of the 
state. 

The northern part of New Jersey was covered by the ice sheet of 
the Glacial Period. As a result, there are many swamps, lakes, and 
waterfalls ; a glacial soil with many boulders, and the terminal 
moraine formed of low, rounded hills. These hills are made of till, 
gravel, boulders, etc., brought together by the advancing ice sheet, 
and piled up along its front. 

The Coastal Plain is the youngest, the flattest, and the largest of 
the four natural divisions of New Jersey. It is composed of layer 
upon layer of sand, clay, gravel, and marl — sediments that were, in 
past ages, slowly deposited in the ocean waters along the coast, and 
afterward uplifted into a low, sandy plain. The marl belt and some 
other portions are fertile, but the rest is not. More than half of the 
Coastal Plain is covered with pine forests, and is thinly peopled. 
Outside of the larger cities the raising of fruit and vegetables for 
the city markets and the manufacture of glass are the chief indus- 
tries. The seacoast is fringed with summer resorts. 

QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 

Introduction. — 1. AVhat states are smaller than New Jersey? 2. What is 
the area of the state ? (j). 57.) 3. Find the average number of people to the square 
mile in the state as a whole (p. 57) ; in the metrojiolitan district (p. 31) ; in your 
own county (p. 57). 4. How does New Jersey rank among the states in railway 
mileage? in value of farm products per acre of cultivated land ? in value of manu- 
factured goods? 5. Why must farms and factories be advantageously located to 
be profitable ? 6. What advantages do New Jersey farms and factories, as a whole, 
enjoy ? 



14 NEW J EI} SET 

Physiography. — 7. AYliat are the natural physiographic divisions of N'ew 
Jersey ? 8. Do you understand tlie reason for dividing the state thus ? 9. In 
which of the four belts do you live? 10. Do you think you could find the exact 
l)Oundary line betM^een two of the belts, for example, between the Highlands and 
the Piedmont Plain? Why? 11. Locate the Appalachian belt. 12. Of what 
mountain system is it a part? 13. How far does this mountain system extend? 
11. Why does the Kittatinny Mountain stand up as a ridge above the surrounding 
country? 15. How high is it at High Point ? 10. How has the Kittatinny Val- 
ley come into existence ? 17. Do you understand that most mountains and valleys 
are due to these same causes? 18. How wide is the Kittatinny Valley? 19. De- 
scribe it from the picture (p. 5). 20. What jiartsof the Appalachian belt are for- 
es1>covered? (Fig. 18.) 21. Why these parts? 22. Where is the best soil found? 
23. Why found here ? 24. Give two reasons why the owners of land cut down 
the forests. 2.5. What is meant by " dairy farms " ? 26. In what county are they 
numerous? 27. What are dairy products? 28. Suggest reasons why Sussex 
County has a large proportion of dairy farms while Gloucester County, for exam- 
ple, has a large proportion of garden farms. 29. Describe the Delaware Water 
Gap. (Modern text-books on physical geography, e.g. Tarr's "New Physical Geog- 
raphy," pp. 102-104, explain how water gaps are formed.) 30. Why are water 
gaps of great importance to man ? 31. What other noted water gaps do you know 
of? 32. Sum iij) the main facts about the Appalachian belt. 

The Highlands. — 33. Locate the Highlands. 34. What do you know of 
their age? 35. Of what kind of rock are they formed? Secure specimens and 
examine them through a magnifying glass. 36. How wide is the Highland 
belt? 37. To what elevation do the Highlands rise? 38. Of what mountains 
are they a part ? 39. Give facts in the history of these mountains. 40. What 
ores are mined in the Highlands? AVhere ? 41. Why is so much of the land 
forest-covered? 42. Why are the Highlands not generally adapted to farming? 
43. Are there any large cities in this belt? Reasons? 44. Why are there many 
summer hotels and country homes ? 45. Locate some of the lakes. How many 
are there? How formed ? 46. What are the leading farm jn-odncts ? 47. What 
counties may be called " Highland counties " ? 

The Piedmont Plain. — 48. Width? 49. What counties are included? 
50. Peculiarity of the soil ? 51. Mention the most prominent trap-rock ridges. 
52. How were they formed? 53. AVhy do they stand up higher than the sur- 
rounding land? 54. What is the peculiarity of their structure? 55. Why are 
they not adapted to farming? 56. Why are they being selected as sites for 
country homes? 57. What causes the falls at Paterson? 58. Where was glacial 
Lake Passaic? 59. What caused it? 60. Why has it disappeared? 61. What can 
you say of the surface of the Piedmont Plain ? 62. Of the density of population ? 
Of the cities? 63. AVhy are its farms more intensively tilled than those of the 
Kittatinny Valley? 64. Since there are so many cities near by, what type of 
faruiing would naturally be carried on ? 65. Summarize the leading facts about 
the Piedmont Plain. 

Glacial Work. — 66. Recall what you have learned about the Glacial Period. 
67. How much of New Jersey was covered by the ancient ice sheet ? 68. "What 



PHYSIOGRAPHY 



15 



changes did the glacier make in Xew Jersey? fi9. How was the course of the 
Passaic River changed ? 70. Have you seen glacial boulders ? Glacial scratches ? 
71. The main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad crosses the terminal moraine near 
Metucheu. The Lehigh Valley, the New Jersey Central, and the Reading cross it 
a few miles east of Bound 
Brook. When you travel, 
look for the low, rounded 
hills that form the termi- 
nal moraine. 

The Coastal Plain. 
— 72. Its comparative age? 
73. Its topography ? 74. 
Materials of which made? 
75. Character of its streams? 
■76. Its soil? 77. Why is so 
much land left to forests ? 

78. Where is the best soil ? 

79. Locate the marl belt 
(Fig. 3). 80. What coun- 
ties include " The Pines " ? 
8L What proportion of 
the state is included in the 
Coastal Plain? 82. What 
proportion of this plain is 
less than fifty feet above 
sea ? 83. What is the 
greatest elevation in the 
Coastal Plain ? 84. What 
are the chief industries ? 
GiA'e reasons. 85. Why 
are there few large cities? 
86. Summarize the main 
facts about the Coastal 
Plain. 

QUKSTIONS ON THE 

Map (Fig. 12). — By what 

rivers is the Appalachian 

belt drained? Where do 

these rivers flow? What 

river drains Lake Hopatcong? What river has the largest basin? W^hat two rivers 

drain most of northeastern New Jersey ? Into what bays do they flow ? Does 

the Delawai'e River or the Atlantic Ocean receive the larger part of the drainage 

of the state? By what rivers is the Coastal Plain drained? What do the dotted 

lines on the map indicate? Give a brief general description of the drainage of 

New Jersey. 




Fig. 12. 



16 



NEW JERSEY 







• -IRON MINES 
<>=CLAV PIT OR EXPOSURE 
0= BRICK YARD OR YARDS 
A = TILES, CONDUITS 4 C. 
i- POTTERIES 



Mineral Industries 

Iron. — Away back in 1676 Colonel Lewis Morris started iron 
works in Monmouth County. Before the Revolutionary War the 

iron ore of the Highlands 
was being mined, and smel- 
teries at Oxford, Warren 
County, were converting it 
into pig iron. From 1855 
to 1883 iron ore mining 
was one of New Jersey's 
greatest industries. Scores 
of mines have been opened, 
all in the ancient rocks of 
the Highlands (Fig. 13). 
But the discovery of the 
marvelously rich ore de- 
posits near Lake Superior, 
where great beds of iron 
ore lie almost on the sur- 
face, has so reduced the 
price of ore that only a few 
of the best mines in New 
Jersey can now be worked 
at a profit. All of these 
are over a thousand feet 
deep. Wliat does Fig. 14 
show regarding iron ore 
mining in New Jersey ? 

Zinc. — The ancient 
crystalline rocks of the 
Highlands contain the larg- 
est body of zinc ore found 
in the United States. The 
mines are near Franklin Furnace and Ogdensburg. Does Fig. 15 




Atlantic City 

-j^nviAP SHOWING THE 
#^ MOST IMPORTANT 
<y MINERAL INDUSTRIES 
OF NEW JERSEY. 



Fig. 13. 

Questions on the Map. — Locate the iroji-min- 
ing region ; the zinc mines; the Portland cement re- 
gion; the most important clay-producing region ; the 
glass-sand region. Note the numerous clay-pits along 
the lower Delaware. How many potteries at Trenton ? 



MINERAL INDUSTRIES 



17 



show that the production of zinc in New Jersey is increasino" or 
decreasing ? What are some of the uses of zinc ? 



1870-74, 
2,600,000 TONS 



■ 



1875-79, 1,900,000 TONS 



1880-84, il 
1885-89, 3,300,000 TONS! 
2,300,000 TONS 



1890-94, 
2,300,000 TONS 



1895-99, 1,400,000 TONS 



1 900-04, 
2,200,000 TONS 



Fig. 14. 
Showing the production of iron ore in New Jersey, 1870 to IttOi. 



.1880-84, 213,000 TONS 



.1885-89, 235,000 



Clay. — This forms the basis of one of the large industries of 
the state. Name some of the articles that are made from clay. In 
the manufacture of pottery, New Jersey holds third rank among the 
states ; Ohio leads, with Pennsylvania second. Beds of clay are 
found in every county of the state. Most of the clay, however, is 
used for brick and tile and ^^^ 
for the coarser kinds of 
pottery. Our richest clay 
beds are near the mouth of 
the Raritan River, around 
Woodbridge and Perth 
Amboy. Some clays are 
formed by the deeaj'ing of 
certain rocks, but the clays 
of New Jersey are the fine 
sediments which have been 
deposited by water. The extensive deposits at the mouth of the 
Raritan are called estuarine clays, because they were deposited in 
an estuary. New Jersey not only manufactures great quantities of 
brick, tile, pottery, etc., but it also sells clay to manufacturers in 




1890-94, 318,000 



1895-99,409,000 



1900-04. 1,125,000 TONS 

Fig. 15. 

Showing the production of zinc ore in New Jersey, 
1880 to 1904. 



18 NEW JERSEY 

other states to the extent of 150,000 tons yearly. The finer clays, 
of which china and porcelain are made, are mostly brought from 
the Southern states, or are imported from abroad. 

Glass-sand. — Nearly all of the Coastal Plain is sandy. Why ? 
In the southern part there are deposits of nearly white sand, one of 
the chief materials of which glass is made. Near these beds of sand 
many glass factories have been erected, and glass-making is one of 
South Jersey's leading industries (Fig. 35j). 

Cement. — You have seen the mortar which masons use in making 
stone walls or brick walls. When this mortar, made of sand and 
lime mixed with water, hardens it forms a cement which binds the 
stone or brick into a solid mass. In recent years a material called 
Portland cement has come into extensive use in building. This 
cement is made by grinding, mixing, and burning shale rock and 
limestone, or a form of rock called "cement rock." These rocks are 
found in abundance in tlie Kittatinny Valley, and have led to the 
building of large cement works. Indeed, the region about Phillips- 
burg, New Jersey, and Easton, Pennsylvania, just across the river, 
is one of the greatest Portland cement regions in the United 
States. 

Other Minerals. — Copper in very small quantities, considerable 
granite, some marble and slate, and many kinds of building stone 
are found in New Jersey. The trap rocks are firm and hard, 
and when crushed into small pieces make the best of material 
for the splendid macadam roads for which New Jersey is justly 
famous. 

Questions. — 1. In which of the four physiographic helts are all of the iron 
mines? 2. Particularly in what county? (p. 40.) 3. Tell something of the 
rise and decline of iron mining in New Jersey, with the reasons. 4. Where are 
the zinc mines ? 5. What states lead New .Jersey in the production of pottery ? 
6. Where are the be.st clay deposits ? 7. Origin of the deposits ? 8. What prod- 
ucts are chiefly made from New Jersey clay? 9. Whence come the clays for the 
finer grades of pottery? 10. What county leads in the production of clay? 
11. What city leads in the making of pottery? 12. Why did glass-making 
develop so extensively in South Jersey? 13. For what is Portland cement used, 
and where in New Jersey is it made? 14. What other mineral resources has the 
state? 1.5. Where are the richest iron mines in the United States ? 16. What is 
pig iron ? cast iron ? steel ? 17. Learn how iron ore is smelted. 18. In what 



AGBK'VLTVRE 19 

other states is zinc mined? 19. Can some one who has seen brick made, describe 
the i^rocess? 20. Can some one who has seen pottery made, tell the class about it? 
21. From what foreign countries do we import fine china? 22. Problem. — Sup- 
pose there are in Xevv Jersey four beds of brick clay, all of the same extent and 
quality ; one is on the shore of Raritan Bay ; the second in a remote part of Sus- 
sex County; the third is close to the tracks of the Pennsylvania Railroad in 
Mercer County ; the fourth is two miles from the city limits of Camden, but the 
brick must be hauled by horses two or three miles to market. Which of these 
would you consider the best place to establish a brick -making plant? Why? The 
next best place? Why? 23. Why is South Jersey a favorable place for manu- 
facturing glass? 2-1. What superior advantage has the Pittsburg, Pa., glass dis- 
trict? 25. Of what are macadamized roads made? 



Agricultltre 

The farmers of New Jersey sell from their farms more than 
$50,000,000 worth of products j^early. The United States census 
shows that the cultivated lands in New York, Pennsylvania, and Illi- 
nois yield, on an average, eight dollars' worth of products to an acre; 
in New Jersey, twelve dollars' worth to an acre. In this, New Jersey 
stands first among all the states of the Union. About one-half of 
the state, however, is not cultivated at all, and, as has been said, is 
covered with forests or bushes. Of the remaining half, a portion, 
lying at a distance from the large cities, is farmed in a general way, 
producing varied farm crops or furnishing pasturage for cattle, 
horses, and sheep. But the remaining portion, lying in the fertile 
part of the state, and within easy reach of the cities, is caused to 
yield products of high value. Four million dollars' worth of poultry 
and eggs, and eight million dollars' worth of milk and butter, are 
produced yearly on New Jersey farms. There are ten thousand 
farms, mostly of smaller size, that produce chiefly vegetables, fruit, 
and flowers. The reason for this particular type of farming, and 
the high value of its products, is not hard to discover. On the borders 
of New Jersey are two great cities, New York and Philadelphia, and 
within the state are other large cities ; along its coasts and among its 
mountains are many summer resorts, attracting thousands of people. 
There are seven millions of people living in cities in New Jersey, and 
near its borders. All these must be constantly fed. Some of the 
food, like flour and meat, may be more profitably produced in tlie 



20 



NEW JEUSEY 



West, and shipped to these eastern cities. But milk, eggs, small 
fruits, and garden vegetables should be fresh daily. The near-by 
farmers can best supply them, and in so doing they receive high 
prices. For example, a farmer living at a distance from a city 
seldom gets more than two cents a quart for milk. One living near 
enough to deliver the milk directly to city customers often gets eight 
and sometimes even ten cents a quart for it. 





P^ 


iP^r- 


" ««««Mi3(©^*"'''"*'^ ^^^^ " '^*«2^*^ 


*^^ 




ji3jbpL 'r*'»^»vw«si.'*A>«RJ.I^Hi(5p. . ,.--;--*-- ~ 


~'-;..^^ 


:'.as««*»s«r-H 


-;"-TOj^ 


^^9Bi 


•«i»yPlg^; ■;'•■'• "^ 


- 


[r^^'#^'^^|^?T j-a| 








■"^^m^- : .Ammmmm % Hb^HH* ^H^^Hf^ 


mam J 


■ 1 





Fig. 16. 
Farm lauds of northeru New Jersey. 



The soil of New Jersey varies widely. North of the terminal 
moraine the soil is, of course, of glacial origin. This may be sandy 
loam, clay, gravel, or all three mixed together. Many boulders and 
cobble stones are mixed with it. Naturally the best land is found in 
the valleys. Why ? 

The rolling lands of Sussex and part of Warren counties are 
quite generally given to dairying. Most of the six thousand dairy 
farms are in the northwestern part of the state. 

The soil of the Piedmont Plain is naturally fertile, and south of 
the terminal moraine is formed by the decay of the sandstones and 



AGRICULTURE 



21 



shales, usually of a reddish color. South of this is the marl belt, a 
part of the Coastal Plain. The fertility of this strip (Fig. 3) is due 
to the presence of natural phosphates. The marl is composed 
chiefly of sand and clay mingled witli the microscopic shells of tiny 
creatures that lived in the sea. 




Fig. 17. 
A crop of sweet potatoes iu Gloucester County. 

The Piedmont Plain and the marl belt are highly cultivated. 
They produce the larger part of the garden crops of the state. 
Potatoes, tomatoes, peas, beans, corn, melons, and sweet potatoes are 
grown in great quantities. Gloucester County alone produces more 
than a million bushels of sweet potatoes yearly (Fig. 17). The can- 
ning of vegetables is a large industry in the southwestern counties. 

Outside of the marl belt, the Coastal Plain has much poor soil. 
In places, as, for example, around Hammonton, Atlantic County, and 



22 



NEW JERSEY 



in the southern counties fertile lands exist. Five thousand acres in 
the vicinity of Hammonton are devoted to raising small fruits, espe- 
cially berries. Vineland, as 
its name suggests, produces 
large quantities of grapes. 
On the low lands border- 
ing the streams of Ocean 
County and eastern Bur- 
lington County, cranberry 
bogs are being extensively 
developed. 

Jewish Colonies. — At 
several places in southern New 
Jersey, notably at Alliance, 
Rosenhayn, Woodbine, and 
Carniel, large tracts of land 
are occupied by colonies of 
Hebrews. These families 
have, in many cases, come to 
America to escape persecution 
in Europe. Aided by generous 
men of their own race, and 
particularly by the Baron de 
Hirsch fund, these colonists 
have secured farms, built 
villages, established schools, 
and developed manufactur- 
ing. It was originally thought 
that they would be farming 

communities, but manufacturing is now an industry of considerable 

importance. 

Questions. — 1. What advantages has New Jersey as an agricultural 
state? 2. What disadvantages ? 3. What proves that the former outweigh the 
latter ? 4. Why is the average yield per acre in New Jersey of greater money 
value than in Illinois or Iowa, for example? 5. What are some of the leading 
farm products of New Jersey? 6. Explain why the farmers near large cities raise 
different crops than the more distant farmers. 7. What is meant by glacial 
soil ? 8. Of what is soil composed ? 9. Upon what does the fertility of soil 
depend? 10. AVhat parts of the state are most fertile? 11. Why is the marl 




NEW JERSEY 

SHOWING 
PERCENTAGE OF 
FOREST COVER 



Fig. 18. 



CLIMATE 23 

belt fertile? 12. What is marl ? 1.1. What are the leading crops of the south- 
western counties ? 14. Why? 15. What county leads in sweet potatoes? 16. In 
what parts are peaches chiefly raised? berries? cranberries? grapes? 17. Why 
are good roads a great benefit to farmers ? 18. AV'hy is the value of a farm in- 
fluenced by its nearness to a railroad ? 19. Why do summer resorts benefit the 
surrounding farmers? 20. Show why good roads benefit all classes of people. 
21. Why does nearijess to a city increase the value of a farm ? 22. Tell the main 
facts about the Jewish colonies of South Jersey. 

Climate 

What is meant by latitude, altitude, torrid, frigid, temperate, 
humid, arid, prevailing winds, cyclonic storms, continental climate, 
oceanic climate? Name the four influences by which the climate of 
a region is chiefly determined. 

Lying about midway between the equator and the north pole. 
New Jersey has a temperate climate. Since there is no region of 
higli altitude, no part of the state is extremely cold. For example, 
in the Adirondacks of New York, the winter temperature reaches 
thirty to forty degrees below zero ; it only rarely falls below zero in 
New Jersey. Since the state lies in the region of prevailing westerly 
winds, it has a continental climate. Records covering many years 
show that the winds of New Jersey come from the western quarter 
three times as much as from the eastern. This is not true, however, 
of the coast region of the state, where the alternating land breezes 
and sea breezes blow. Lying in the region of cyclonic storms, the 
state has sudden and sometimes extreme changes. It often happens 
that when people go to bed at night, a cold, dry west wind is blow- 
ing ; and when they get up in the morning, a warm south wind, 
bringing rain. The sudden changes are caused by the passing of 
cyclonic storms, usually in northern New York or Canada. Chiefly 
on account of the passing of these storms we get our east and south 
winds, bringing rain from the Atlantic or the Gulf of Mexico. The 
westerly winds, having passed across the continent, are generally 
dry. 

The rainfall is ample for crops and is quite evenly distributed 
over the state. The seacoast and the southern counties receive 
about fifty-three inches of rainfall (including snow) annually, while 



24 JV^Jr JERSEY 

the Highlands receive about fifty inches. Can you name parts of 
the United States which receive much more than this ? much less ? 
Can you explain the reasons ? 

The coldest parts of the state in winter are the northwestern slopes 
of the Kittatinny Mountains and of the Highlands, for they receive 
the cold winds from the northwest. The lowlands in the interior 
of the state get very hot in summer, and thousands of people go to 
the shore or to the mountains during July and August. While the 
average temperature of South Jersey is only four degrees warmer 
than that of North Jersey, yet this does not show the real differ- 
ence in climate. For example, the fruit trees in the southern coun- 
ties blossom about three weeks earlier than those in the northern 
counties. Frosts come later in spring and earlier in fall in North 
Jersey. This difference causes a difference in the kinds of crops 
raised in the two sections. The northern part can more successfully 
raise hardy fruits and crops like the grains, white potatoes, apples, 
and pears ; the southern part raises early spring vegetables, berries, 
grapes, sweet potatoes, melons, etc. Peaches, however, are success- 
fully grown in the sheltered valleys of the northwestern part of the 
state. 

A great body of water like the Atlantic has a tempering influence 
upon the climate of the lands along its shore. This influence is 
much greater when the prevailing winds blow from the ocean over 
the continent, as they do over western Europe. The influence is 
less where the prevailing winds blow from the land to the sea, 
as they do in New Jersey. The ocean absorbs a great amount 
of heat during the summer and slowly releases it during the 
winter. The land warms and cools quickly, even from day to night. 
The ocean does not. Thus the ocean tends to prevent sudden and 
extreme changes in temperature in the lands that border it. The 
sea breezes in summer feel cool and in winter they tend to temper 
the cold. Hence it is that Atlantic City and Cape May are winter 
resorts as well as summer resorts. 

Questions. — Why has New Jersey a temperate climate? A continental 
climate? What is the ratio of easterly winds to westei-ly in New Jersey? Why 
does the climate of the coast differ from that inland ? What causes the sudden 



FISHING 25 

changes of our weather ? Explain how the rainfall of the state is affected by the 
passing of cyclonic storms. What causes rain ? What is the average annual rain- 
fall of the state ? Where are the coldest parts of the state ? Why ? Show how 
the climate of the northern counties differs from that of the southern. How does 
this affect farming? Why does the ocean influence the climate of New Jersey less 
than it does that of Ireland or of the state of Washington ? Why are Atlantic 
City and Cape May both summer and winter resorts? 



Fishing 

An early settler of New Jersey wrote : — 

" Crabs, mussels, oysters, too, there be, 
So large that one does overbalance three 
Of those of Europe ; and in quantity 
No one can reckon." 

At many points along the shore, where streams flow into shallow 
bays, are coves protected from the ocean waves. Here the oyster 
finds its natural home, and near these places towns have grown up, 
many of whose inhabitants live by oyster fishing. Perth Amboy, 
Keyport, Shark River, Barnegat Bay, Tuckerton, West Creek, Great 
Bay, Bass River, and Port Republic all have their oyster fleets. It 
is said that two-thirds of the people of Tuckerton are dependent 
upon oyster fishing. New Jersey's chief oyster fields are in Maurice 
Cove, off Delaware Bay. There are nearly two thousand registered 
vessels and tenders engaged in the oyster industry, yielding four 
millions of dollars income yearly. This is more than the combined 
value of the annual wheat, rye, and oat crops of the state. Besides 
oysters other fish are taken in abundance from New Jersey waters ; 
for example, a million pounds of shad and nearly as many pounds 
of sturgeon are taken in a good year from the lower Delaware 
River. 

Questions. — Why is the New Jersey shore adapted to oysters ? Locate on the 
map (Fig. 1) some of the places near which oyster fishing is carried on. Where 
are the most important oyster beds? What other forms of fishing are carried on 
in New Jersey waters? 



26 NEW JEIiSEY 



History 



• The earlier history of a state, and to a certain extent its whole 
history, is influenced by its geography. The presence or absence of 
harbors and navigable rivers, the trend of mountains and valleys, the 
quality of the soil, the climate, the smoothness or ruggedness of the 
land, and the position of the state with respect to other important 
parts of the nation, — all these exert a constant influence upon the 
settlement and development of the state. The influence of New 
Jersey's geography upon its history is readily traceable. 

Rising in New York two large rivers flow southward, forming 
part of the boundaries of New Jersey. They are the Hudson and the 
Delaware. Sometime in the past the land about the mouths of these 
rivers sank, admitting the ocean waters far up the valleys. Thus 
New York Bay and Delaware Bay came into existence. Most 
harbors are formed in this way. These two bay-mouthed rivers 
have had a larger influence upon the history of New Jersey than one 
might suppose. The coast from Sandy Hook to Delaware Bay is 
without good harbors, and is flanked by dangerous sand bars. For 
such a coast, mariners have little friendship; but the sheltered bays 
at the mouth of the Hudson and Delaware attracted the early Dutch, 
Swedish, and English explorers. Henry Hudson's men, the first 
Europeans to step on New Jersey soil, went ashore, September 4, 
1609, on the banks of the river lliat now bears his name. Captain 
Mey, in another Dutch ship, later ascended the Delaware. Near the 
Hudson and along the Delaware the early Dutch settlers made their 
homes. Gradually the pioneers at the south pushed the settlements 
northward and met those from the north. The inhospitable eastern 
coast long remained almost untouched. In most of the colonies the 
settlers landed along the seaboard and pushed inland. In South 
Jersey, they landed along the Delaware and slowly pushed the settle- 
ments eastward toward the sea. Atlantic City was one of the last of 
New Jersey's cities to be founded. 

The Dutch found the Lenni-Lenape Indians between the Hudson 
and the Delaware. They were not a strong or warlike tribe. The 
settlers bought and paid for the land, and treated the Red Men 



HISTORY 



27 



with such fairness that the Delaware Indian, Calvin, is reported to 
have said: " Not a drop of our blood have you spilled in battle ; not 
an acre of land have you taken but by our consent." 

The early Swedish settlements in the southwestern part of the 
state soon passed under the control of the Dutch, who had settle- 
ments at both ends of the 
state. In 1664 the whole 
region came under the 
power of the English and 
passed into the hands of 
Lord Berkeley and Sir 
George Carteret. The lat- 
ter had been governor of 
the Isle of Jersey, south of 
England, and the colony 
was named New Jersey in 
his honor. Lord Berkeley 
sold his share to a company 
of English Quakers, and 
the province was then di- 
vided into East and West 
Jersey (Fig. 19). The 
English soon planted colo- 
nies at Salem, Burlington, 
Trenton, and elsewhere in 
West Jersey, and at Eliza- 
bethtown, Middletown, 
Shrewsbury, Woodbridge, 
Bergen, and Newark in 
East Jersey. 

During the Revolution- 
ary War New Jersey's position and topography — both facts of 
geography — made her the marching ground of armies and the 
scene of frequent conflicts. With the exception of the winter 
at Valley Forge and the campaign of Yorktown, the Continental 
troops were constantly on New Jersey soil. Back and forth 




Fig. 19. 



28 



NEW JERSEY 




along the level strip of land be- 
tween New York and Trenton the 
contending armies marched and 
countermarched in retreat or in 
pursuit. You are familiar with the 
thrilling story of Washington's mid- 
night crossing of the Delaware, and 
his swoop down upon the English 
and Hessians at TrentoUj followed 
by the capture of their army on the 
morning after Christmas, 1776. Im- 
portant battles were fought also at 
Princeton and Monmouth. At Mor- 
ristown, Somerville, and ^liddlebush 
the Continental soldiers spent winters 
of terrible suffering. New Jersey's 
geographical position made her the 
storm -center of the war. 

Since the War of 1812 the estab- 
lishing of manufactures and the 
building of canals and railroads have 
gone on steadily. The Delaware 
and Raritan Canal was built about 
1830, and completed an inland water 
route between Philadelphia and New 
York. At about the same time the 
Camden and Amboy Railroad, one 
of the oldest in the United States, 
was completed. Between 1825 and 
1831 the Morris Canal was built 
chiefly as a coal route between Penn- 
sylvania and New York City. The 
New Jersey canals, like most others, 
are now but little used. Why ? 

In the last half century several 
trunk line railways, seeking termini 



Fig. 20. 
The Trenton Battle Monument. 



CITIES 29 

on New York Bay, have pushed their steel tracks across the state. 
No other eastern state is crossed by so many important railroads. 

Situated between two navigable rivers^ two spacious harbors^ and 
tivo of America's yreatest cities, and lying athwart the path of the na- 
tions leading arteries of commerce, Neiv Jersey is developing into a 
manifactnring state among the first in the Union. The hey to this is 
— Greographical Position. 

Questions. — Show how the geographical features of a state hifluence its 
history. How were New York Bay and Delaware Bay formed? Xame other 
harbors tliat have been thus formed. What is the nature of the coast 
from Sandy Hook to Delaware Bay ? Why Avei-e early settlements not made 
along this coast? AVhere were early settlements made? Why here? By whom? 
Why was the strip of land between New Yoi'k and Philadelphia occupied ear- 
lier than other parts of Xew Jersey? What do you know about the Indians 
of Xew Jersey? Where were the early Swedish settlements? The early Dutch 
settlements? The early English settlements? At about what time were these 
settlements made? (Fig. 19.) Explain why New Jersey was a storm-center of 
the Revolutionary War. AVliat important events of that war took place in Nfew 
Jersey? Tell or write the story of the battle of Trenton; of General Lee's dis- 
grace at Monmouth. Describe the route of the Morris Canal. Of the Delaware 
and Raritan Canal. AVhy are they used but little now ? Why do so many trunk 
line railways cross New Jersey? WHiy is manufacturing increasing rapidly in 
New Jersey ? 

The Cities op New Jersey 

The Metropolitan District. — While New Jersey as a state is 
thickly populated, the people are very unevenly distributed. The 
triangular area shown in Fig. 21 forms only one-sixth of the state, 
yet it contains four-fifths of the people and nearly all of the manu- 
facturing. Outside of this triangle Atlantic City is the only place 
of over 15,000 population. At one end of this " busy belt " lies 
Philadelphia; at the other end. New York. Just as these two cities, 
with their 5,000,000 people, make eager markets for New Jersey's 
farm products, so they are also markets for lier manufactured goods. 

New York and the surrounding region is called the Metropolitan 
district. New Jersey's part includes Hudson and Essex counties, 
most of Bergen, Passaic, and Union, and portions of adjacent coun- 
ties. The first four of these counties form only one-tenth of the 



30 



NEW JERSEY 



state's area, yet they contain half of its people (Fig. 23). Thousantls 
of men whose business is in New York live in northern New Jersey, 
going to and from tlieir business daily by train and ferry. Suggest 
reasons for this. It is said that 25,000,000 suburban passengers 

cross to New Zork on the 



Jersey ferries yeal'ly. Tun- 
nels are now being con- 
structed under the Hudson, 
and soon passengers will 
be carried directly into the 
city. The convenience of 
this will greatly increase 
New Jersey's suburban pop- 
ulation. So thickly peopled 
is the Metro2:)olitan district, 
that one city merges almost 
unnoticeably into another. 
A person may ride outward 
from Newark and pass 
through one city or town 
after another, and easily 
suppose himself to be all 
of the time in the same 
city. 

New York is the coun- 
try's greatest market, and 
also its greatest importing 
and exporting city. It is 
advantageous for manufac- 
turing plants to be located 
in or near it. Land in the metropolis is very, very expensive, and 
taxes are high ; so, many manufacturers locate their factories just 
outside. Thus the nearness of New York has greatly stimulated 
manufacturing in New Jersey. The entire Metropolitan district is 
almost like a mammoth manufacturing city that has grown up around 
the splendid harbor of New York. 




MAP OF 

NEW JERSEY 

SHOWING THE 

DISTRIBUTION OF 

INDUSTRIES AND LEADING 

OCCUPATIONS AND THE 

BELT OF DENSEST 
POPULATION 



Fig. 21. 



CITIES 



31 



Newark. — Shortly after the English took possession of New- 
Jersey (1664), a few families from New England sought new homes 
in the " West," and settled on the west bank of the Passaic River, 
nine miles from New York. They named their little settlement 
Newark, in honor of their pastor's old home in England. The place 
needed a shoemaker, of course ; so (in 1680) the town meeting 
resolved that " Samuel Whitehead should come and inhabit amonsr 
us, provided he will supply the towai with shoes." Thus began 
Newark's leather industry that has since grown to such large pro- 
portions. The city cannot be reached by the large ocean vessels, 
but the smaller ves- 
sels used in years 
past could load and 
unload their car- 
goes at Newark. 
Some commerce is 
still carried on by 
way of the river. 
With the comple- 



. P.E.R .S -O. N'S • 







■i- SQ. Mt. 
33 PERSONS 





DENSITY OF POPULATION OF THE AREA 
INCLUDING HUDSON. ESSEX, BERGEN ANO 
PASSAIC counties; 1300 PEOPLE TO THE 
SO. Ml. 

Fig. 23 



DENSITY OF POPULATION OF THE REST 
OF NEW JERSEYilS: PEOPLE TO THE SQ. Ml, 



tion of the Morris 
Canal, Newark had 
water communica- 
tion with the coal region of Pennsylvania, a very valuable advan- 
tage. Later, one railway after another, seeking a terminal on 
New York Bay, passed through Newark. New York was out- 
growing its island and was overflowing into New Jersey. Newark 
was near by. Land was much cheaper than in New York, and 
taxes were lower. With its excellent transportation facilities, and 
direct communication with the coal fields, it was an ideal place 
for manufacturing, and one factory after another was located there. 
Newark's leather makers sought and captured the leather trade with 
the South, and held it until about the time of the Civil War. There 
are now in the city more than sixty establishments engaged in tan- 
ning leather find in making shoes, harness, saddles, and other leather 
goods. 

With the rapid influx of foreigners into the Metropolitan district 



32 



NEW JERSEY 



came an increasing demand for malt 
liquors, and the malting of beer is now 
the city's second largest industry. 

Stimulated by nearness to the richest 
city and greatest trade center of the 




Fig. 24. 
Street scene in Newark. 

country, the manufacture of jewelry has become the third largest 
industry in Newark. A hundred establishments are engaged in 

this one line of 
manufacture. 

Newark and its 
suburbs, the Oran- 
ges, form a center 
of the fur hat manu- 
facture, having 
over forty estab- 
lishments. Here, 
too, is the home 
of celluloid manu- 
facture. 
Fig. 25. In population 

City Hall, Newark. Newark ranks six- 




CITIES 33 

teenth among the cities of the United States, being next smaller 
than Washington, and next larger tlian Jersey City. It ranks elev- 
enth among the cities in the value of its manufactured goods, hav- 
ing (in 1900) 3300 manufacturing establishments, large and small. 

Environs of Newark. — Across the Passaic are East Newark, Kearney, and 
Harrison, manufacturing suburbs. Between Newark and the \yatcliung 
Mountains lie Montclair, Bloomfield, Glenridge, West Orange, Orange, East 
Orange, and South Orange, with Summit a little farther west. These are 
beautiful suburban towns, quite largely the homes of New York business 
men. Some manufacturing is done, especially in Orange. This section of 
the state is noted for the excellence of its schools. 

Jersey City, Hoboken, Bayonne, and Environs. — Newark, Eliza- 
beth, Trenton, and other cities of New Jersey were founded before 
1700 ; but Jersey City had, in 1801, only fifteen inhabitants. The 
place was then called Paulus Hook. Thirty years later the settle- 
ment consisted of one hundred and seventy houses, and was not half 
as large as New Brunswick or Elizabeth. But this strip of land 
facing the expanding metropolis could not long evade the destiny 
which its situation was sure to bring. When the land about the 
Hudson sank, ages ago, the splendid harbor was born, and the river 
became a long arm of the ocean, navigable for a hundred and fifty 
miles. Stretching westward from the Hudson is the vallc}^ of the 
Mohawk, forming the one and only gap through the eastern moun- 
tains leading from the Atlantic seaboard to the great interior of our 
country. This " Eastern Gateway of the United States," as the 
]\lohawk Gap has been called, made possible the building of the Erie 
Canal, one of the leading causes for the growth of New York City. 
More than half of the nation's imports are received through New 
Y^ork Bay, and from its wharves are shipped more than half of the 
country's exports. The Morris Canal united New York Bay with 
the valley of the Lehigh River, and opened an important coal route. 
The Delaware and Raritan Canal gave inland water communication 
between New York and Philadelphia. One by one railways were 
built, and gradually united into trunk line systems, all seeking to 
terminate at New York, the nation's business center. The railways 
from the south, west, and northwest terminate on the New Jersey 



34 



NEW JERSEY 



side of the bay, and have made this section one of the greatest rail- 
way terminals in the world. Seven railway systems meet the ocean 
at the water front of these New Jersey cities, chiefly at Jersey 
City.i 

Jerse}^ City, Hoboken, Bayonne, and the Amboys are, commer- 
cially, a part of the great metropolis at the mouth of the Hudson. To 
their wharves the trains roll in an unending line, and there discharge 
their loads of wheat, corn, meat, and flour to be carried across the 
ocean to feed Europe's millions. At these wharves ships from every 
part of the world are receiving and unloading their cargoes of mer- 
chandise. The harbor is thronged with ferry boats, tugs, schooners, 



L 


M 




H^^'^«'^^W!IB^WBiinn'rs^--in 


^ih^'^^t^S 'Sf^^^-' . / ^afega?*-;-^^ ^y ,-^- iis>yH»*^ittf4j 


fe 


w-.«-. - - ' ■ 1 


■ 


■■■■ 


^^^^^^H^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H^HI^^^^^^H^^^I^^H 


1 


^Hi 


i^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^HI 



Fig. 21 ;. 
Types of the piers which iriiige the water front of Jersey City, Hobokeii, and Bayonne. 

ponderous freight steamers, and graceful ocean liners. These ter- 
minal cities are the points where tlie nation's trade routes converge 
to meet tliose of the ocean. Nowhere else in all the world is such a 
mighty transshipping business carried on. 

These cities share largely in the manufacturing life of the Met- 
ropolitan district. Jersey City is one of the first cities in the nation 
in the manufacture of tobacco. At its slaughterhouses six million 
dollars' worth of meat is annually dressed both for New York and 
New Jersey markets and for ocean shipment. Depending partly 
upon the by-products of the slaughterhouses are factories that 



1 They are the Pennsylvania, Philadelphia and Reading, P>ie, West Shore, New 
Jersey Central, Leliigh Valley, and Lackawanna. 



CITIES 35 

make soap, candles, cliemicaLs, and fertilizers. Perhaps the pencil 
which you are using was made at the Dixon Works in Jersey City. 

At Bayonne are some of the largest oil refineries in the world. They 
receive the crude oil through large pipes reaching all the way to western 
Pennsylvania and Ohio. The refineries are located here on the water 
front so that the relined oil can be discharged directly into the tank ships 
which carry it abroad or to our own seaboard cities. Of course, much of 
the oil finds a market in the near-by cities. At Hoboken is the Stevens 
Institute of Technology, one of the excellent technical schools of the East. 

West Hoboken has a beautiful situation on the Palisade ridge. Its 
leading industry is the manufacturing and dyeing of silk. Still farther 
north is the growing manufacturing town of Union. At Weehawken 
Alexander Hamilton was fatally shot in a duel with Aaron P)urr. 

For miles northward along the western slope of the Palisades are 
beautiful suburban towns, mostly residence places, the homes of New 
York business men. Englewood is the largest of these. 

Paterson. — More than a century ago Alexander Hamilton 
conceived the idea of founding somewhere in the United States a 
"city of mills,"' whicli should manufacture goods for the whole 
country. It was important that the city should be located at a 
point where water power could be secured. The falls of the Pas- 
saic seemed to Hamilton and his company to be the ideal site, and 
it was selected. The place was named Paterson, in honor of Gov- 
ernor Paterson, who signed tlie charter. The plan, as conceived by 
Hamilton and his company, did not succeed, but Paterson has 
nevertheless become a city of mills. 

In 1840 Christopher Colt began making silk on one floor of the 
building in which his brother was making the famous Colt revolvers. 
Christopher did not succeed as a silk maker, yet the business went 
on under other management. Paterson had several advantages of 
location. It liad excellent water power (Fig. 27) ; it had connec- 
tion with the coal region by way of the Morris Canal and later by 
railroad, and it was near New York. Such advantages ought to 
attract manufacturers, and they did. To-day Paterson is tlie 
greatest silk-making city in the United States. It is called " The 
Lyons of America." Why ? Nearly 30,000 persons are employed 
in its silk industry. New Jersey manufactures nearly three-fourths 



36 



KEW JERSEY 



of all the silk made in the United States, and most of it is made 
in or near Paterson. Among the other industries should be men- 
tioned the making of locomotives and silk-making machinery. 
Paterson is growing rapidly, and is now the third largest city in 
the state. 




Fig. 27. 
Patersou Falls. 

Passaic. — Lying between Paterson and Newark, Passaic possesses 
the advantages for manufacturing and residence common to the 
cities of the Metropolitan district. The production of Avoolen and 
worsted goods is the city's largest single industr3\ The Botany 
Mills (Fig. 29), employing over 3500 persons, are among the largest 
of their kind in tlie United States. A dozen smaller mills are en- 
gaged in the manufacture of cotton and woolen goods, or in dyeing, 
printing, or finishing them. 



CITIES 



37 



Several smaller towns north and south of Passaic nearly join it 
to Paterson on one side and to Newark on the other. The time 
does not seem far distant when the three cities will actually meet. 
Passaic, like the other cities in this part of the state, has had a re- 
markable growth in recent years- In the last quarter century, New- 




FiG. 28. 
Weave room iu a Patersou silk mill. 



ark, Jersey City, Paterson, and Hoboken have doubled, or more than 
doubled, their population. Bayonne has quadrupled, and Passaic 
has sextupled. In 1870 Passaic was not so large as Gloucester, 
Salem, Bordentown, Rahway, or Phillipsburg. Of these cities, Phil- 
lipsburg alone has passed the 10,000 mark, while Passaic now has 
38,000. 

Between the Passaic and Hackensack rivers are several fine resi- 
dence towns, of which Hackexsack, the county seat of Bergen 
County, is the largest. The cities and most of the towns of the 
Metropolitan district are joined by a network of trolley lines. 



38 



NEW JERSEY 



The rapid extension of trolley roads in New Jersey is one of the 
notable facts of recent years. 

Elizabeth. — This is one of New Jersey's old and historic cities, 
the first English settlement and the first seat of government of the 
state, settled by New Englanders in 1664. In 1820 it had grown 
to a population of 3500. A writer of the time says quaintly of 
the town : " It has some good gardens, and supplies many agri- 
cultural products for the New York market." 




Fig. 2'.». 
Worsted mills, Passaic. 



Elizabeth has always been a residence city, and the plan of " com- 
muting " to New York had its first real development here. Tlie 
city's favorable situation for manufacturing has drawn to it several 
large industries. The chief of these is the great plant of the 
Singer Sewing Machine Company (Fig. 30), employing over 5000 
persons and turning out yearly half a million sewing machines. 
The eastern part of the city, called Elizabethport, is on Staten 
Island Sound, a branch of New York Bay. Here the Singer Com- 
pany has its works. The selection of this site for a great manu- 
facturing plant well illustrates how a city grows up in response to the 
natural advantages of its situation. B3' locating its factories at 



CfTIES 



39 



Elizabethport, the company lias the advantage of being near New 
York, the trade center of the country. It is on the water front, and 
so can ship its products and secure many of its raw materials by 
water, the cheapest means of transportation. It has excellent rail- 
way connections and direct communication with the coal fields. 
Transportation facilities and cost of fuel are important considera- 
tions in manufacturing. Probably this single industry gives direct 
support to no less than 15,000 people in or near Elizabeth, while 
thousands of others find employment in supplying the wants of these 
fifteen thousand. 







Fig. 30. 
Works of the Singer Sewing Machine Company, Elizabethport. 



The Crescent Ship Building Yard is also located at Elizabeth- 
port. Here are built gun boats, torpedo boats, submarine boats, and 
other craft. 

Elizabeth and Rahway, a little farther south, are situated on the natural 
trade route between the Delaware and the Hudson, once called the King's 
Highway, now the route of the main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad. 

In Union County also is Plainfield, one of New Jersey's beautiful 
residence cities. It is one of the group of North Jersey cities which are 
so justly proud of their fine homes and good schools. 

Morristown, in Morris County, is another city of handsome residences. 
General Washington had his headquarters here during three winters of 
the Revolution. 



40 



JSfEW J Eli HE Y 



Perth Amboy, at the mouth of the Raritan, and Woodbridge, a little 
north, are in the region of New Jersey's best clay deposits. Both cities 
make large quantities of brick, terra cotta, tile, pottery, and other clay 
products. Many smaller places in Middlesex County manufacture clay 
products. In fact, this is the county's leading industry. The extensive 
clay beds found here, the nearness to JSTew York, and the cheap water 
transportation combine to encourage the industry. Both Perth Amboy 
and South Amboy are important coal-shipping ports. 




Fig. 31. 

Queeu's College, Rutgers, at New Briiiiswiek ; built in 1810. 

New Brunswick, like many another city, began with an inn at a 
fording place on a river. The ancienrt trail of the Lenni-Lenape 
also crossed the Raritan at this point. It was a ferrying place on 
the King's Highway in colonial days. It is the northern terminus 
of the Delaware and Raritan Canal, and the place where the main 
line of the Pennsylvania Railroad bridges the river. Indian fording 
place, colonial ferry, canal terminus, railroad bridge — they tell the 
story of modes of travel along this noted route. 



CITIES 41 

New Brunswick has large rubber mills and wall-paper mills, and 
is the seat of Rutgers College, one of New Jersey's old and honored 
institutions of learning (Fig. 31). 

Delaware River Towns. — It has already been pointed out that 
the sinking of the land, by which the lower Delaware Valley was 
drowned and became Delaware Bay, has been a very important fact 
in the history and development of New Jersey. It made the river 
navigable by largest ocean steamships as far as Philadelphia and 
Camden and by river steamers as far as Trenton. How great an 
influence this navigable river has had may be readily seen. From 
Trenton southward there are, on the New Jersey side of the river, 
nine incorporated places with a total population of about 200,000. 
North of Trenton there are only four such places, witli a total popu- 
lation of less than 20,000. The upper valley is a more healthful 
and beautiful region in which to live, but the lower valley offers 
better facilities for commerce ; and it is in such localities that 
manufacturing plants are erected, and thither the people flock. 

Alhof the lower Delaware towns have close business relations with 
Philadelphia, much as the North Jersey towns have with New York. 
Camden and Philadelphia are as closely joined in their business rela- 
tions as are New York and Jersey City. The early stage routes 
between Philadelphia and New York, the Delaware and Raritan 
Canal, and the old Camden and Amboy Railroad brought these lower 
river towns into direct communication with New York and thus 
aided in their growth. 

Camden, the largest of these cities, is practically a part of expand- 
ing Philadelphia. It is a city of recent growth, having had only 
3400 people as late as 1840. But nearness to Philadelphia, deep- 
water transportation, and extensive railway connections make it an 
advantageous site for a city. Already it has become a manufac- 
turing city of importance. Among its chief manufactures are 
worsted goods, leather, and oilcloth. 

Here is located one of the largest of American ship-building 
yards, that of the New York Ship Building Company. When ships 
were made of wood, Maine was the leading ship-building state. Now 
that steel is so largely used, shipyards have grown up along the 



42 



JV^Tr JEnSEY 



Delaware River and the Chesapeake Bay in order that they may be 
within easy reach of the Pennsylvania steel mills and the coal mines. 
The ship-building plant at Camden, with its enormous steel build- 
ings under whose roofs the largest ships may be built, and with its 
giant machinery, is one of the most modern in the world (Fig. 32). 

South of Camden is Gloucester, a manufacturing city, and an impor- 
tant shipping point for the farm products of South Jersey. The sur- 




FiG. 32. 
Launching a six-hundred-foot ship at Camden, 

rounding farms are largely devoted to raising fruit and vegetables for 
Philadelphia, and during the summer and autumn fifteen hundred wagons 
a day, loaded with farm produce, cross to Philadelphia on the Camden and 
the Gloucester ferries. 

Still farther south is the old and historic town of Salem. Like Glouces- 
ter, it sends large quantities of farm produce to Philadelphia. Salem is a 
center of the canning industry of South Jersey. Between Camden and 
Trenton are a number of towns originally settled by the English Quakers 
who came to America in William Penn's time. Burlington is older than 



CITIES 



43 



either Philadelphia or Trenton. Bordentown is the southern terminus of 
the Delaware and Earitan Canal. In the days of the stagecoach it was 
an important point on the Delaware. It was for many years the home of 
the exile, Joseph Bonaparte, formerly king of Spain. 

Trenton. — In 1680, two years before William Penn founded Phila- 
delphia, a mill was built on the present site of Trenton. The set- 
tlement was called " The Falls," for here is the fall line of the 




Fig. oo. 
Oue of Trentoirs thirty potteries. The tapering chinmeys are the kihis. 

DelaAvare. What is the fall line? Name other fall-line cities. 
Why, in the early days, were settlements often made at points where 
water power could be secured ? Why is the head of navigation of 
a river usually the site of a town or city ? 

For a century Trenton grew but slowly, and in 1820 had only 
4000 people. It was here that Washington struck his first great 
blow for freedom, when, in the driving storm of a Christmas night, 
he fell upon the sleeping English and Hessians and captured their 



44 NEW JERSEY 

army. This brilliant victory is now commemorated by a splendid 
battle monument (Fig. 20). 

Thei:;entral location of Trenton led to its selection, in 1790, as the 
capital of the state. The old State House has been replaced by a 
handsome new structure (Fig. 38). 

Here is located the State Prison, with more than a thousand 
inmates. Here, too, are the State Normal and Model Schools, with 
more than a thousand pupils, the State Hospital, State School for 
Deaf ]Mutes, and other state institutions. Trenton is a rapidly grow- 
ing manufacturing city, famed particularly for its potteries. In this 
industry it leads all the cities of the United States. In its thirty 
potteries more than 4000 people are employed in making almost 
every kind of ware known. Trenton makes one-fourth of all the 
pottery made in the United States. Here, too, are many rubber 
mills and large iron and steel plants. The Roebling Company of 
Trenton are the builders of the two colossal bridges that connect 
New York and Brooklyn. 

The reasons for Trenton's location and growth are easily traced. The 
presence of water power and the rapids which made this the head of navi- 
gation determined the site. With the opening of the Delaware and Rari- 
tan Canal, in 1S.')0, Trenton had direct water communication with both 
New York and Philadelphia. j\[ore important still, perhaps, is the fact 
that here one of America's greatest railways, the Pennsylvania, crosses 
into New Jersey on its way to New York City. AVith canal and river 
navigation, water power, best of railway connections, nearness to the coal 
mines of Pennsylvania and to the nation's greatest markets, it is natural 
that a manufacturing city should grow up here. It should be noted that 
Trenton's potteries do not get much of their clay near the city. It comes 
chiefly from the Southern states and from Europe. Beds of clay suitable 
for brick and other coarse manufactures are found in and near the city. 
"While these local deposits were the starting point of Trenton's pottery 
industry, they now supply but a small part of the clay used. Nearness to 
the coal fields and to markets, and 'Hhe momentum of an early start" 
help to explain Trenton's growth as a pottery-making center. 

Near Trenton is Princeton, noted for the battle of Princeton in Revo- 
lutionary days. It is most widely known for its old and deservedly 
famous university (founded in 1746). Princeton is now the home of 
ex-President Grover Cleveland. A few miles up the river from Trenton 



1. One of the beautiful eu trances to the 
Princeton Campus; Blair Hall. 




2. "Old North," one of 
the first buildings of 
Old Nassau (174(3). 



3. The 
Princeton 
College 
Chapel. 



Fig. 34. 



46 



NEW JERSEY 



is the manufacturing city of Lambertville, and still farther north is Phil- 
lipsburg, opposite Easton, Pennsylvania- Phillipsburg is the Avestern ter- 
minus of the Morris Canal. Situated near the coal of Pennsylvania and 
the iron ore of New Jersey, it is natural that iron-smelting and iron-work- 
ing should be the city's leading industries. The manufacture of Portland 
cement has already been referred to (p. 18). 

The Glass-making District. — Southern New Jersey is one of the 
leading glass-making sections of the United States. The two chief 




Fig. o5. 
Glass works at Millville. Thousands of large bottles iu tbe foreground. 



items required in this industry are quartz-sand, the most important 
ingredient of the glass, and fuel for the intensely hot fires needed 
to melt the sand and other ingredients. Abundance of sand and 
extensive forests, furnishing wood for fuel, existed side by side in 
these southern counties. The sand is suitable for making bottles, 
jars, window glass, and the like, but it contains a little too large a 
trace of iron to be suitable for clear white glass. The iron gives to 
the glass a greenish tinge, seen in window panes. For making clear 



THE COAST CITIES AND BESORTS 47 

white glass, the sand is brought from elsewhere. Coal and crude 
petroleum are now largely used for fuel, wood being still used to 
heat the annealing ovens. 

Six thousand persons are employed in the glass factories of South 
Jersey ; in some towns glass-making is almost the oidy manufactur- 
ing industry. jSIillville and Biiidgeton are the largest of these 
towns. Besides these are Vineland, Glassboro, Woodbury, 
Salem, Swedesboro, and others. 

The Coast Cities and Resorts 

A glance at the map of New Jersey will show that a line of 
long, narrow sand bars extends along the shore from Point Pleasant 
to Cape May. These are separated from the real mainland by 
shallow lagoons and swampy "meadows." The sea bottom slopes 
away very gently, and in many places along the shore a man may 
wade out into the water a long distance without getting beyond his 
depth. The low, sandy coastal plain that forms South Jersey 
blends very gradually into the continental shelf. In fact, the former 
rises gradually from the shore, inland ; the latter slopes gradually 
seaward. 

As the waves roll in from the ocean they have washed up the 
sand into the long, narrow bars that now skirt the shore. In 
places the wind has drifted the sand into dunes. Behind the 
bars the shallow lagoons have been partly filled with the silt that 
the streams have brought down ; marsh grass grows, and now only 
narrow channels wind their way among the marshy islands. A 
nearl}^ continuous channel, called the thoroughfare, extends the 
whole way behind the beaches from near Point Pleasant to Cape 
May. Such a coast as this, of course, affords no good harbors for 
large vessels, and so there is no opportunity for the growth of 
commercial cities. Such a shore is, however, admirably fitted for 
seaside resorts. The shore, with its soft carpet of white sand, and 
the gently sloping beach make an ideal place for the delights of sea- 
bathing. Here people flock by thousands in summer to escape the 
heat of dusty cities, and to breatlie the invigorating ocean air and 



48 



NEW JERSEY 



bathe in the surf. The shore from Sandy Hook to Cape May is 
dotted with summer resorts (Fig. 21). 

The largest of these is Atlantic City, a place that has grown 
with an almost magic swiftness. In 1840 it had only 700 resi- 
dents. It now (1905) has more than 30,000. It is a city of 
hotels, among which are some of the most palatial in the land. 
Along the water front extends for several miles the famous " Board 
Walk," looking out on one side upon the great blue Atlantic ; on 




Fiu. ;;g. 
Beach scene, Atlantic City. 



the other, closely set with stores, bazaars, 23laces of amusement, etc. 
On a pleasant day in summer tens of thousands of people throng the 
Board Walk, while thousands of bathers stroll on the beach and 
swim in the surf (Fig. 36). 

Long Branch, though not so large as Atlantic City, is a favorite resort. 
Not far away are Asbury Park and Ocean Grove. The places from Atlantic 
City southward have such an equable climate that they are both summer 
and winter resorts. These coast towns do practically no manufacturing. 
The resident population is largely engaged in caring for the hosts of 



THE COAST CITIES AND RESORTS 



49. 



pleasure and health seekers. Lakewood, in the region of the pine forests 
of Ocean County, has become a very fashionable resort. 

The United States Life-saving Service. — Parallel with the Jersey coast, 
and from three hundred yards to eight hundred yards away, extends an 
almost continuous sand bar. Tlie water over the bar is often only a few 
feet deep, but the space between it and the shore is a death-trap. The 
raging " northeasters " and the bar make this coast one of the most dan- 
gerous along the Atlantic seaboard. It has been called "the graveyard 
of the sea." A half century ago the life-saving service was established 




Fig. 37. 
A life-saving crew and apparatus. 



along this perilous coast, and now the life-saving stations extend at fre- 
quent intervals from Sandy Hook to Cape May. They have done valuable 
service (Fig. 37). 

Questions, — 1. What is remarkable about the triangular area shown in 
Fig. 21 ? 2. Why is the northeastern section of New Jersey regarded as a part 
of the Metropolitan district? 8. What counties are most densely populated? 
4. Why do so many New York business men live outside of the city? o. Why will 
the completion of tunnels from New Jersey to New York City tend to make our 
state still more a residence section for New Yorkers? 6. Explain how the near- 
ness of New York stimulates manufacturing in New Jersey. 7. Tell of the settle- 
ment of Newark and the beginning of its leather industries. 8. What have been 
some of the leading causes of Newark's growth ? 9. What are the chief numufac- 
turesof Newark? 10. How does it rank among American cities in population 
and manufacturing? 11. Mention some of the manufacturing towns and resi- 
dence towns near Newark. 12. Tell of the settlement and growth of Jersey City. 



50 NEW JERSEY 

13. Why is the business of Jersey City closely connected with that of New York? 

14. What great railways have their ocean terminals on the New Jersey water 
front? 15. Explain why the harbor of New York became the nation's chief 
importing and exporting point. 16. Would you class Jersey City as a manufac- 
turing city or as a commercial city? Why? 17. Is the same true of Newark? 
18. What are the leading manufactures of Jersey City? 19. What large industry 
at Bayonne? 20. What noted school at Hoboken? 21. AVhat tragic historical 
event occurred at Weehawken ? 22. What is the chief industry of West Hoboken ? 
23. Locate Union and Englewood. 24. Tell of the beginning of Paterson. 
25. Why was this site chosen? 26. What causes the waterfall at Paterson? 

27. Mention other cities in the United States that have grown up at waterfalls. 

28. Describe the beginning, the growth, and the present magnitude of Paterson's 
silk industry. 29. Locate Passaic and tell of its leading industry. 30. Locate 
Hackensack. 31. Tell the leading facts about Elizabeth. 32. What advantages 
of location does it possess? 33. Locate Rahway, Plainfield, Morristown, Perth 
Amboy, South Amboy, and W^oodbridge, and give one important fact about each. 
34. Explain the changes in methods of travel and transportation which New 
Brunswick has witnessed. 35. What college is located in New Brunswick? 
36. Give reasons why so many moi'e towns and cities are found along the lower 
Delaware than along the upper part of the river. 37. Is this equally true of 
other large rivers in the eastern states? 38. Tell the leading facts about 
Camden. 39. To what kind of farming is the region about Gloucester and 
Camden devoted? W^hy? 40. What fact is given to show the extent of this 
industry? 41. What old historic town in the southeastern part of the state? 
42. Name the larger toM'ns between Camden and Trenton. 43. By whom were 
they settled? 44. At about what time? 45. AVhat historical events are con- 
nected with Bordentown ? 46. What natural canses led to the location of Tren- 
ton? 47. AVhat advantages of location has it? 48. AAHiat extensive industry 
centers here? 49. A\''hat other facts should be remembered in connection with 
Trenton? 50. AA'hat important university town near Trenton? 51. Name two 
cities on the Delaware above Trenton. 52. AVhat canses have led to the growth 
of Phillipsburg ? 53. AA'hat natural causes favored the locating of glass factories 
in South Jersey? 54. AA^hat cities are extensively engaged in glass-making? 
55. What kind of glass is made from the local sand? 56. AVhy is the sand not 
suitable for clear white glass? 57. Can any member of the class describe the 
process of making and blowing glass? 58. AVould it not be a good topic for 
special study? 59. What is the nature of the New Jersey coast? 60. AA''hat causes 
such a coast? 61. AA'hy are there no deep harbors along this coast? 62. IIow 
were the sand bars or " beaches " formed? 63. AAliy are there no commercial 
cities along this coast? 64. AA'hat are the leading coast cities? 65. Give reasons 
why so many resort cities and towns have grown up along the New Jersey shore. 
66. Do you think that the many large cities in and near New Jersey have had 
anything to do with it? AVhy? 67. Locate on the map Atlantic City, Long 
Branch, Asbury Park, Ocean Grove, Cape ISIay City, Lakewood. 68. AVhat ones 
of these resorts have you visited? 69. AVhat, that you saw, impressed you most? 
70. AVhy does the coast of New Jersey require many life-saving stations? 



GOVERNMENT AND EDUCATION 



61 



Government and Education 

Government. — New Jersey's form of government is very much the same 
as that of the other states. The law-making body, called the Legislature, 
consists of the House of Assenrbly and the Senate. The Legislature meets 
each winter at the State House in Trenton ( Fig. ?)S). Bills tliat are passed by 




Fig. 38. 
State Capitol at Trenton. 

both houses of the legislature and are approved by the Governor become laws. 
They may also become laws by being passed "over the Governor's veto." 

There are many officials whose duty it is to see that the laws are 
enforced. The chief of these is the Governor, elected for three years 
at a yearly salary of $10,000. He cannot hold office two successive tenns. 
Can you think of any reason for this restriction ? The government of 
the state is divided into many departments, each with its head official 
and his subordinates. Some of these are the departments of Education, 



52 



NE]V JERSEY 



of Labor, of Agriculture, of the Treasury, of State, of Law, of Public 
Roads, of Health, and the Geological Survey. Do you know men who 
occupy positions in any of these departments ? 

Laws are sometimes disobeyed and disputes arise. These call for 
courts of different grades. Can you mention any of the different grades 
of courts ? Have you ever attended a lawsuit or a trial ? How was 
it conducted ? Judges hold ofhce longer than almost any other class of 
olhcials ; suggest reasons. What is a jury ? 

The state is divided into counties and the counties are subdivided into 
townships. Explain why this is so. Mention some county officials. If 




Fig. yy. 
State Normal aud Model schools at Trentou. 



you live in the country, mention some township officials. Larger villages 
and cities are incorporated and have special officers. Why does a city 
need a different form of government and different officials from a country 
township ? 

Who is the present Governor of New Jersey ? W^ho is sheriff of your 
county ? Mayor of your city (if you live in a city) ? Who represents your 
county in the state Senate ? in the House of Assembly ? Who are New 
Jersey's United States Senators? 

Education. — Next to the American people's devotion to free popular 
government is their devotion to free public schools. New Jersey's school 
system has come about by a gradual growth through more than 200 years. 
Starting with a single Dutch school in Bergen (now Jersey City) in 1662, 



CONCLUSION 53 

the schools of the state have increased to 2000 with nearly a half million 
pupils. At the head of the State Department of Public Instruction is the 
State Superintendent, appointed by the Governor. He exercises a general 
supervision over the public school system of the state. The State Board 
of Education is appointed by the Governor, and consists of two members 
from each Congressional district. This board appoints the county super- 
intendents of schools, and exercises supervision over the different state 
educational institutions, such, for example, as the Normal School. 

The state is divided into many school districts each having its own 
school or schools, controlled by the officers whom the voters of the district 
select. In cities the school board may be appointed by the mayor. How 
is it in your city ? Each city and large town has its own superintendent, 
or supervising principal, and each county its county superintendent. Who 
is superintendent of your county ? From your own knowledge tell the 
chief duties of these officers. All public school teachers must have a 
license to teach. These licenses are of different grades, and are obtained 
by passing examinations or by graduating from normal schools. 

The schools are open to children between five and twenty, but pupils 
both younger and older often attend. The public schools cost over $7,000,- 
000 a year, about half of which is paid from state funds and half by local 
taxes. 

The State Normal School for training teachers, at Trenton, was organ- 
ized in 1855. C'onnected with it is the State Model School. Are any of 
your teachers from normal schools ? At Beverly is the Farnum School, 
a preparatory school associated with the State Normal ; at Trenton is 
the State School for Deaf Mutes ; at Bordentown is the jNIanual Training 
and Industrial School for Colored Youths ; and connected with Eutgers 
College is the State Agricultural College. 



Conclusion 

The pTiysiograpJiy of a state, its geographical position, its climate^ 
and its natural resources of soil, minerals, forests, or fisheries, all are 
important influences which affect the development of the state. 
Some states, like those of the ^Middle West, have a large i)roportion 
of fertile soil and level land. They are the great agricultural states. 
Some, like Colorado and Pennsylvania, have mines of wonderful 
richness, and much of the wealth of these states is derived from 
mining, and from industries connected with mining. Others, like 



54 



NEW JERSEY 



tlie New England and North Atlantic States, have deep harbors, and 
their cities carry on extensive ocean commerce. 




Fiu. 4U. 



Some states, like JSfeiv Jersey, have a partic id arly favorable location. 
They are so situated that trade routes naturally pass through them; or 
they are near to great cities ivhich furnish ready markets for the products 



CONCLUSION 55 

of the state ; or they are so near to rich and jn-osperous states that they 
share in their prosperity. This is the case ivith our oivn state. It has 
not a large proportion of fertile soil, yet its thousands of fruit and 
vegetable farms have given it the name of "The Garden State." 
While the zinc and iron mines jDroduce considerable ore, yet mining 
is not one of the large sources of the state's wealth. These mines, 
however, are more valuable situated in New Jersey than they would 
be in a remote part of the country. While New Jersey has no deep 
harbors along most of its coast, and the customhouse reports credit 
the foreign commerce of Jersey City to New York, yet the state 
profits largely by the nation's foreign trade. 

But it is in inannfactnring that New Jersey is developing most 
rapidly, now ranking sixth among the manufacturing states. When 
we examine the state's leading lines of manufacture, we note how 
generally its mills use raw materials brought from outside of the state; 
and, secondly, how many of these mills are located near New York 
City.^ It is evident that, not nearness to raw materials of manu- 
facture, but nearness to good markets has chiefly attracted manufac- 
turing plants to New Jersey. 

Not forgetting our soil, fisheries, and forests ; our iron, zinc, 
clay, and building stone ; our excellent roads and many railroads, we 
shall remember that our geographical position between the great cities 
of New York and Philadelphia has made more valuable all of our nat- 
ural resources, and has been the chief cause of our rapid growth in 
manufacturing and commerce. 

1 New Jersey's leading manufactures are : — 

Iron and steel products, made in nearly all of the cities of the state ; 

Silk goods, chiefly made in Paterson ; 

Oil refining, chiefly done in Bayonne ; 

Chemicals, largely made in Newark and Jersey City ; 

Leather goods, chiefly made in Newark ; 

Woolen and worsted goods, mostly made in the Metropolitan district ; 

Felt and wool hats, largely made in Newark and the Oranges ; 

Jewelry, chiefly made in Newark ; 

Tobacco, especially in Jersey City. 



56 NEW JERSEY 

Publications of State Departments 

The State Geological Survey has published much material useful co 
teachers of geography in New Jersey. It has issued many excellent maps 
and valuable reports. A " Summary and Subject Index " of its reports 
and maps may be obtained by addressing the State Geologist, Trenton. 
For the teacher's use Volume IV, *' Physical Geography," is most valuable. 
It is a veritable storehouse of classified information about the state. While 
the volume deals chiefly with the physical features of the state, yet it con- 
tains historical material, population tables, drainage areas, tables of eleva- 
tions, areas of townships and counties, and many other facts. Volume 
V, " Glacial Geology," is the best treatise of its kind published by any 
state. This is especially valuable to teachers in the northern counties. 
Volume VI, " Clay Industry," is also an excellent volume. 

The State Department of Agriculture issued a little book in 1901 called 
" The New Jersey Hand-Book," which treats of the agricultural industries 
of the state. It also contains chapters on coiinty and state history, manu- 
facturing, fishing, education, forests, and transportation. 

The Bureau of Statistics and Labor issues a yearly statistical report 
dealing with industries of the state. 

The New Jersey Geological Survey has issued two series of topo- 
graphic maps. One series consists of 17 maps covering the entire state, 
each 27 by 37 inches ; scale 1 mile to an inch. This series was mounted 
for school use, and was distributed among the schools several years ago. 
Newly organized schools may secure the maps by addressing the State 
Superintendent of Public Instruction, Trenton. 

The " New Series " topographic maps is not yet complete. They are 
on a large scale (2000 feet to an inch), and are most excellent. They sell 
for 25 cents each. (Address State Geologist, Trenton.) The following 
sheets had been completed in 1905 : Paterson, Hackensack, Newark, Jer- 
sey City, Camden, Elizabeth, Plainfield, Amboy, Woodbury, Mount Holly, 
Taunton, Navesink, Long Branch, New York Bay, Morristown, Atlantic 
City, Trenton East, Shark Kiver, Boonton, Dover, and Chester. 



TABLES 

STATISTICS OF COUNTIES 



57 



County 


Organized 


Area 
Square Miles 


County Seat 


Population 
19(10 


Population 
19(15 


Atlantic .... 


1837 


61.3.49 


Mays Landing 


46,402 


59.862 


Bergen . 










1709 


246.17 


Hackensack 


78,441 


100.003 


Burlington 










1709 


823.49 


Mount Holly 


58,241 


62,042 


Camden 










1844 


22.5.96 


Camden 


107,643 


121,-5.55 


Cape May 










1685, 1709 


450.91 


Cape May C. H. 


13,201 


17,390 


Cumberlant 










1748 


674.33 


Bridgeton 


51,193 


52.110 


Essex 










1709 


129.72 


Newark 


359,053 


409,928 


Gloucester 










1709 


341.45 


Woodbury 


31,905 


34,477 


Hudson . 










1840 


60.48 


Jersey City 


386,048 


449,879 


Hunterdon 










1713 


439.12 


Flemington 


34,507 


33,2.58 


Mercer . 










1838 


227.90 


Trenton 


95,365 


110,516 


Middlesex 










1709 


324.44 


New Brunswick 


79,762 


97,036 


Monmouth 










1709, 1813 


537.94 


Freehold 


82,057 


87,919 


Morris . 










1738-1739 


480.19 


Morristown 


65,1.56 


67,934 


Ocean . 










1850 


750.91 


Toms River 


19,747 


20,880 


Passaic . 










1837 


198.65 


Paterson 


155,202 


175,858 


Salem . 










1709 


389.37 


Salem 


25,530 


26,287 


Somerset 










1709 


305.02 


Somerville 


32,948 


36,270 


Sussex . 










1753 


535.31 


Newton 


24,1.34 


23,325 


Union . 










1857 


104.94 


Elizabeth 


99,353 


117,211 


Warren . 










1824 


364.65 


Belvidere 


37,781 


40,403 


(21 counties) 


8224.44 




1,883,669 


2,144,143 



TABLE SHOWING GROWTH OF THE CITIES IN NEW JERSEY WITH 
MORE THAN 30,000 INHABITANTS, 1820 TO 1905 





1905 


1900 


1880 


1860 


1840 


1820 


Newark 


283,289 


246,070 


136,508 


71,941 


17,290 


6,507 


Jersey City 










232,699 


206,433 


120,722 


29,226 


3,072 


— 


Paterson . 










111,529 


105,171 


51,031 


19,586 


7,596 


— 


Trenton . 










84,180 


73,307 


29,910 


17,228 


4,035 


3,942 


Camden . 










83,363 


75,935 


41,659 


14,358 


3,371 


— 


H^oboken . 










65,468 


59,364 


30,999 


0,662 


— 


— 


Elizabeth 










60,509 


52,1.30 


28,229 


11,567 


4,184 


3,515 


Bayonne . 










42,262 


32,722 


9,372 


— 


— 


— 


Passaic . 










37,837 


27,777 


6,532 


— 


— 


— 


Atlantic City 








37,593 


27,838 


5,477 


687 


— 





58 



NEW JERSEY 



POPULATION OF THE INCORPORATED CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, AND 
BOROUGHS OF NEW JERSEY (1905) 



1905 1900 

Absecon, town. ... 616 530 

Allendale, borough . . 762 694 

AUenhurst, borough . . 247 165 

Allentown, borough . . 653 695 

Alpine, borough . . . 448 

Andover, borough , . 427 

Anglesea, borough . . 400 161 

Asbury Park, city . . 4,526 4,148 

Atlantic City .... 37,593 27,838 
Atlantic Highlands, 

borough 1,480 1,383 

Audubon, borough . . 525 

Avalon, borough ... 86 93 

Avon, borough .... 322 

Barnegat, city .... 78 

Bayhead, borough . . 278 247 

Bayonne, city .... 42,262 32,722 

Beach Haven, borough . 301 239 

Belleville, town . . . 7,632 5,907 

Belmar, borough . . . 1,089 902 

Belvidere, town . . . 1,869 1,784 

Bergenfields, borough . 1,095 729 

Beverly, city .... 2,258 1,950 

Bloomfield, town . . . 11,668 9,668 

Bogota, borough ... 522 337 

Boonton, town .... 3,935 3,901 

Bordentown, city . . . 4,073 4,110 

Bound Brook, borough . 3,389 2,622 

Bradley Beach, borough 1,037 982 

Branchville, borough . . 591 526 

Bridgeton, city .... 13,624 13,913 

Brigantine, city ... 95 99 

Brooklyn, borough . . 75 

Burlington, city . . . 8,038 7,392 

Butler, borough . . . 2,188 

Caldwell, borough . . . 1,670 1,367 

Camden, city .... 83,-363 75,935 

Cape May, city. . . . 3,006 2,257 

Cape May Point, borough 153 

Carlstadt, borough . . 3,100 2,574 

Chatham, borough . . 1,554 1,361 



Chesilhurst, borough . 
Clayton, borough . . 
Cliffside Park, borough 
Clinton, borough . . 
Closter, borough . . 
Collingswood, borough 
Cresskill, borough. . 
Deal, borough . . . 
Deckertown, borough 
Delford, borough . . 
Demarest, borough . 
Dover, town . . . 
Dumont, borough . . 
Dunellen, borough . 
East Millstone, borough 
East Newark, borough 
East Orange, city . . 
East Rutherford, boroug 
Edgewater, borough . 
Egg Harbor, city . . 
Elizabeth, city . . . 
Elmer, borough . . 
Englewood, city . . 
Englewood Cliffs, borou 
Englishtown, borough 
Essex Fells, borough . 
Etna, borough . . 
Fairview, borough 
Fan wood, borough 
Farmingdale, borough 
Fieldsboro, borough . 
Florham Park, borough 
Fort Lee, borough 
Freehold, town . . 
Frenchtown, borough 
Garfield, borough . . 
Garwood, borough 
Glen Ridge, borough . 
Glen Rock, borough . 
Gloucester, city 
Guttenberg, town . . 



1905 


1900 


258 


283 


. 1,864 


1,951 


. 2,128 


968 


830 


816 


. 1,272 




. 2,538 


1,633 


505 


486 


164 


70 




1,306 


841 


746 


480 




. 6,353 


5,938 


913 


643 


1,517 


1,239 


333 


447 


. 2,828 


2,500 


. 25,175 


21,506 


gh 3,105 


2,640 


. 1,392 




. 2,280 


1,808 


. 60,509 


52,130 


. 1,219 


1,140 


. 7,922 


6,253 


gh 266 


218 


416 


410 


393 




681 




1,693 


1,003 


445 


399 


399 




457 


459 


803 


752 


. 3,433 




. 3,064 


2,934 


975 


1,020 


. 5,092 


3,504 


564 




. 2,362 


1,960 


778 


613 


. 8,055 


6,840 


. 4,563 


3,825 



TABLES 



59 



Hackensack, town . . 
Hackettstown, town . . 
Haddon Heights, borough 
Haddontield, borough 
Ilammonton, town . . 
Harrington Park, borough 
Harrison, town. . . . 12,823 
Harvey Cedars, borough 4G 

Hasbrouck Heights, borough 1,650 



1905 
11,098 
2,594 

654 
3,466 
4,334 

283 



Hawthorne, borough . 
Helmetta, borough 
Haworth, borough 
High Bridge, borough 
Highland Park, borougli 
Highlands, borough . 
Hightstown, borougli . 
Hoboken, city ... 
Holly Beach, borough 
Hopatcong, borough . 
Hopewell, borough 
Irvington, town . . 
Island Heights, borough 
Jamesbui'g, borough . 
Jersey City .... 
Junction, borough 
Kearney, town . . 
Keyport, town . . 
Lambertville, city . . 
Lavalette, city . 
Leonia, borough . . 
Linden, borough . . 
Linwood, borough 
Little Ferry, borough 
Lodi, borough . . . 
Long Branch, town . 
Longport, borough . 
Madison, borough . . 
Manasquan, borough . 
Matawan, borough . 
Maywood, borough . 
Merchantville, borough 
Metuchen, borough . 
Midland Pai'k, borough 
Millstone, borough . 



2,570 

575 

400 

1,382 

714 

1,275 

2,083 

65,468 

1,327 

125 

984 

7,180 

250 

1,315 

232,699 

974 

13,601 

3,385 

5,016 

22 

1,041 

403 

503 

1,776 

2,793 

12,183 

133 

4,115 

1,636 

1,479 

687 

1,632 

1,907 

1,617 

156 



1900 
9,443 
2,474 

2,776 
3,481 

10,596 

39 

1,255 

2,096 

447 

1,377 

1,228 

1,749 

59,364 

569 

980 
5,255 

316 

1,063 

206,433 

998 

10,896 

3,413 

4,637 

21 

804 

402 

495 
1,240 
1,917 
8,872 
80 
3,754 
1,500 
1,511 

536 
1,608 
1,786 
1,348 

200 



imi 

Milltown, borough , . 1,210 

Millville, city .... 11,884 

Montclair, town . . . 10,370 

Montvale, borough . . 502 

Morristown, town . . . 12,146 

Mountainside, borough . 314 

Mt. Arlington, borougli . 250 

National Park, borough 160 

Neptune City, borough . 808 

Netcong, borough . . . 1,024 
Newark, city .... 283,289 

New Brunswick, city . 23,133 

New Providence, borough 754 

Newton, town .... 4,422 

North Arlington, borough 408 

North Caldwell, borough 483 

Norihtield, city ... 688 

North Haledon, borough 697 

North Hanover . . . 747 

North Plainflekl, borough 5,616 
North Spring Lake, borough 



Norwood, borough 
Nutley, town . . . 
Oakland, borougli . . 
Oaklyn, borough . . 
Ocean City .... 
Old Tappan, borough 
Orange, city . . . 
Orvil, borough . . . 
Palisades Park, borough 
Park Ridge, borough . 
Passaic, city . . . 
Paterson, city . . . 
Paulsboro, borough . 
Pemberton, borough . 
Pennsgrove, borough 
Pennington, borough 
Perth Ainboy, city . 
Phillipsburg, town . 
Pitman, borough . . 
Plainfield, city . . . 
Pleasantville, borough 
Point Pleasant Beach, 
borough .... 



432 

4,556 

586 

454 

1,835 

280 

26,101 

443 

911 

1,189 

37,837 

111,529 

2,269 

821 

2,062 

708 

25,895 

13,352 

1,018 

18,408 

2,824 

978 



1900 

561 
10,583 
13,902 

416 
11,207 

367 

275 

1,009 

941 

246,070 

20,006 

565 

4,376 

290 

297 



5,009 
361 



1,307 

269 

24,141 

044 

870 

27,777 

105,171 

771 
1,826 

733 
17,099 
10,052 

15,369 
2,182 

740 



60 



NEW JERSEY 





1905 


1900 


Pompton Lakes, boroug 


1 1,013 


847 


Port Oram, borough . 




2,069 


Port Republic, borough 


451 




Princeton, borough . 


6,029 


3,899 


Prospect Park, borough 


1,911 




Rahway, city . . . 


8,649 


7,935 


Raritan, town . . . 


3,954 


3,244 


Red Bank, town . . 


6,263 


5,428 


Ridgefield, borough . 


745 


584 


Ridgewood, village . 


3,980 


2,685 


Riverside, borough . 


670 


561 


Riverton, borough 


1,557 


1,332 


Rockaway, borough . 


1,585 


1,483 


Rocky Hill, borough . 


479 


354 


Roselle, borough . . 


2,142 


1,652 


Roselle Park, borough 


2,236 




Rutherford, borough . 


5,218 


4,411 


Saddle River, borough 


474 


415 


Salem, city .... 


6,443 


5,811 


Seabright, borough . 


1,166 


1,198 


Sea Isle City, borough 


432 


340 


Seaside Park, borough 


92 


73 


Secaucus, borough . 


3,191 


1,626 


Somers Point, borough 


431 


308 


Somerville, town . . 


4,782 


4,843 


South Amboy, borough 


6,258 


6,349 


South Atlantic City, bore 


)ugh 115 


69 


South Bound Brook, tov 


m 939 


883 


South Cape May, borouE 


'h 5 


14 


South Orange, village 


4,932 


4,608 


South River, borough 


3,585 


2,792 


Spring Lake, borough 


1,039 


526 


Stanhope, borough . 


887 







1905 


1900 


Stockton, borough 


588 


690 


Summit, city . . . 


. 6,845 


5,302 


Surf City, borough . 


36 


9 


Sussex, borough . . 


1,318 




Swedesboro, borough 


1,484 




Tabernacle .... 


462 




Tenafiy, borough . . 


2,142 


1,746 


Totowa, borough . . 


738 


562 


Trenton, city . . . 


84,180 


73,307 


Tucker ton, borough . 


1,332 




Undercliff, borough . 




1,006 


Union, town . . . 


17,005 


■15,187 


Upper Saddle River, bon 


)Ugh 324 


326 


Vailsburg, borough . 




2,779 


Ventor, city . . . 


116 




Vineland, borough 


4,593 


4,370 


Wallington, borough 


2,475 


1,812 


Washington, borough 


3,431 


3,580 


Wenonah, borough . 


569 


498 


West Caldwell, borough 


490 




West Cape May, boroug 


h 902 


696 


West Hoboken, town 


29,082 


23,094 


West New York, town 


7,196 


5,267 


West Orange, town . 


7,872 


6,889 


West wood, borough . 


1,044 


828 


Wharton, borough . 


2,285 




Wild wood, borough . 


500 


150 


Woodbine, borough . 


1,850 




Woodbury, city . . 


4,560 


4,087 


Woodcliff, borough . 


477 


329 


Woodlynne, borough 


388 




Woodridge, borough . 


721 


582 


Woodstown, borough 


1,500 


1,371 



TABLES 



61 



TOWNSHIPS OF NEW JERSEY HAVING A POPULATION OF OVER 3,000 
NOT INCLUDED IN FOREGOING LIST (1005) 



1905 1900 

Aquackanonk .... 7,187 5,351 

Bernards 4,514 3,066 

Chester 4,849 4,420 

Cranford 3,600 2,854 

Deerfield .3,212 3,066 

Hamilton 5,150 4,164 

Hanover 5,294 5,366 

Hardyston 3,434 3,425 

Hohokus 3,107 2,610 

Hopewell 3,209 3,360 

Lakewood 4,265 3,094 

Landis 5,351 4,721 

Little Falls 3,079 2,908 

Middletown 5,600 5,479 

Milburn 3,182 2,837 



Neptune . . 

North Bergen 

Northampton 

Pennsauken 

Pohatcong . 

Raritan (Hunt. 

Riverside 

Rockaway 

Sayreville 

Shrewsbury 

Wall . . 

Weehawkeii 

Westfield 

Woodbridge 



Co 



1905 


1900 


9,357 


7,943 


11,134 


9,213 


5,509 


5,168 


3,957 


3,145 


3,408 


2,215 


3,861 


4,037 


3,301 


2,581 


5,153 


4,528 


4,779 


4,156 


5,402 


3,842 


3,518 


3,212 


8,027 


5,325 


5,265 


4,328 


10,221 


7,631 



INDEX 



Agriculture, 19-23. 

Alliance, 22. 

Appalachian Belt, 4. 

Appalachian Valley, 4. 

Areas, New Jersey compared with other 

states, Fig. 40. 
Artesian wells, 12. 
Asbury Park, 48. 
Atlantic City, 24, 48, Fig. 36. 

Barnegat Bay, 25. 
Bass River, 25. 
Bayonne, 33, 35, 37. 
Bergen, 27. 
Berkeley, Lord, 27. 
Bloomfield, 33. 
Bonaparte, Joseph, 43. 
Bordentown, 43. 
Bridgeton, 47. 
Burlington, 27, 42. 
Burr, Aaron, 35. 

Camden, 41, 42. 

Camden and Amboy Railroad, 28, 41. 

Cape May, 24, 48. 

Capitol building. Fig. 38. 

Carteret, Sir George, 27. 

Cement, 18. 

Cities, growth of, 57. 

population of, 57-60. 
Clay industry, 17, 40, Fig. 13. 
Cleveland, Grover, 44. 
Climate, 23-25. 
Coast cities, 47-49. 
Coastal plain, the, 10. 
Colonnades, Mountain, 9. 
Colt, Christopher, 35. 
Counties, statistics of, 57. 



Country seats in New Jersey, 9. 
Cushetunk Mountain, 9. 

Delaware and Raritan Canal, 28, 40, 41. 

43. 
Delaware River, 26, 41. 
Delaware River towns, 41. 
Delaware Water Gap, 5, Fig. 5. 
Drainage, 15. 

map showing, Fig. 12. 
Dutch settlements, 26. 

East Newark, 33. 
East Orange, 33. 
Education, 53. 
Elizabeth, 38, 39. 
Elizabethport, 38, Fig. 30. 
Elizabeth town, 27. 
Englewood, 35. 

Fall line, 43. 

Farm lands, 9, 11, Figs. 4, 16. 

Ferries to New York, 30. 

Fishing, 25. 
Forests, Fig. 18. 
Franklin Furnace, 7, 16. 

Glacial lakes, 7. 
Glacier, work of the, 9. 
Glassboro, 47. 
Glass factories, 18, Fig. 35. 
Glass-making district, 46, 47. 
Glass-sand, 12, 18. 
Glenridge, 33. 
Gloucester, 42. 
Government, 51. 
Great Bay, 25. 
Great Swamp, the, 0. 
Greenwood Lake, 7, Fig. 7. 



63 



64 



INDEX 



Hackeiisack, 38. 
Hamilton, Alexander, 35. 
Hammonton, 21. 
Harrison, 33. 
Highlands, the, 5. 

iron ore of, 7. 

zinc ore of, 7. 
History, 26-29. 

geographical influences upon, 26. 
Hoboken, 33, 34, 35. 
Hopatcong, Lake, 7, Fig. 6. 
Hudson, Henry, 26. 

Industries, distribution of, Fig. 21. 
Iron mines, 16. 
Iron ore, 7, Fig. 14. 

Jersey City, 33, 34, 37. 
Jewish colonies, 22. 

Kearney, 33. 

Keyport, 25. 

King's Highway, the, 40. 

Kittatinny Mountains, 4. 

Kittatinny Valley, 4, Fig. 4. 

Lake wood, 49. 
Lambertville, 46. 
Lenni-Lenape Indians, 26. 
Life-saving service, 49, Fig. 37. 
Long Branch, 48. 
Long Hill, 9. 

Manufactures, 54. 

Marl, 21. 

Marl belt, the, 11, 21, Fig. 3. 

Metropolitan Di.strict, 29-41. 

map of. Fig. 22. 
Mey, Captain, 26. 
Middlebush, 28. 
Millville, 47. 

Mineral resources, 16, Fig. 13. 
Monmouth, Battle of, 28. 
Montclair, 33. 
Morris Canal, 28, 46. 
Morristown, 28, 39. 
Mount Holly, 11. 



Navesink Highlands, 11. 
Newark, 27, 31, 32, Figs. 24, 25. 

environs of, 33. 
New Brunswick, 40. 
New Jersey, submerged 100 feet, Fig. 9. 

colored map of. Fig. 1. 

cross-sections of. Fig. 11. 

in perspective. Fig. 10. 

relief map of, Fig. 2. 
Normal and Model Schools, 53, Fig. 39. 

Ocean Grove, 48. 
Ogdensburg, 7, 16. 
Orange, 33. 
Oyster fishing, 25. 

Palisades, the, 9, Fig. 8. 
Passaic, 36, 37, Fig. 29. 
Passaic, glacial lake, 9. 
Passaic River, 10. 
Paterson, 9, 35, 37, Figs. 27, 28. 
Perth Amboy, 17, 25, 34, 40. 
Phillipsburg, 37, 46. 
Physiographic map. Fig. 2. 
Physiographic provinces. Fig. 3. 
Physiography, 3-15. 
summary of, 12. 
Piedmont Plain, 8. 
Piers, New York Bay, Fig. 26. 
"Pines," the, 11. 
Plainfield, 39. 
Population, density of. Fig. 23. 

statistics of, 57-60. 
Portland cement, 18. 
Port Republic, 25. 
Princeton, 28, 44, Fig. 34. 
Publications of state departments, 56. 

Quakers in New Jersey, 27. 

Rahway, 39. 

Railways, 34. 

Rainfall, 23. 

Raritan River clays, 17. 

Rocky Hill, 9. 

Rosenhayn, 22. 

Rutgers College, 41, Fig. 31. 



INDEX 



65 



Salem, 27, 42, 47. 

Shad fishing, 25. 

Shark River, 25. 

Ship building, 39, 41, 42, Fig. 32. 

Shore of New Jersey, 47. 

Shrewsbury, 27. 

Silk industry, 35, Fig. 28. 

Soil of New Jersey, 20. 

Somerville, 28. 

Sourland Mountain, 9. 

South Amboy, 40. 

South Orange, 33. 

Stevens Institute, 35. 

Summer resorts, 47-49. 

Summit, 33. 

Swedesboro, 47. 

Swedish settlements, 27. 

Sweet potatoes, Fig. 17. 

Trenton, 27, 43, 44. 
Battle monument. Fig. 20. 



Trenton, battle of, 28. 
potteries of. Fig. 33. 
Triassic Plain, 8. 
Tuckerton, 25. 

Union, 35. 

Vineland, 47. 

Washington, George, 28, 39, 43, 
Watchung Mountains, 9. 
Weehawken, 35. 
West Creek, 25. 
West Hoboken, 35. 
West Orange, 33. 
Woodbine, 22. 
Woodbridge, 17, 27, 40. 
Woodbury, 47. 

Zinc mines, 10. 
Zinc ore, 7, Fig. 15. 



NEW 
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 

By 

RALPH S. TARR. B.S., F.G.S.A. 

Professor in Cornell University, and co-author of the Tarr and McMurry Geographies 

Price $1.00 

Modern. This being the latest book on the subject, the author has 
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Arrangement. For the first time a text-book in the science has 
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pupil to the study, while the study of the atmosphere, the weather, 
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Teachable. By means of a summary at the close of each para- 
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